Hydrogen Technology Research essays

Hydrogen Technology Research expositions With the present economy, world circumstance, and anticipated ecological eventual fate of the non-renewable energy source age a change should be made. Hydrogen power is a famous answer for the petroleum product issue. There are anyway many gathering associated with this circumstance that should be considered. These gatherings incorporate specialists, government officials, and the regular individual. Designers need to consider a few factors in their acknowledgment of hydrogen power. Most importantly, the reading material says that hydrogen power makers are high in costs when contrasted with the modest non-renewable energy sources accessible today (Miller 409). This is valid, yet different variables should be contemplated. Counting that as the interest for hydrogen using machines expands, the gracefully will increment, and the cost for the machines will go down. So if the cost is brought about now, it will diminish later on. Another basic issue that specialists are fundamentally confronting now is capacity. There are a few prospects, however all have their destructions. The most serious issue confronting hydrogen stockpiling is that, Hydrogen gas isn't a vitality thick fuel (Princeton). This essentially implies a lot of hydrogen will yield a tad of vitality. So enormous volumes of hydrogen should be used so as to be compelling. Hydrogen, in any case, isn't anything but difficult t o store in view of its amazingly low dissipating vitality level. This implies fluid hydrogen would take up huge amounts of vitality to be kept in fluid structure, which is wasteful. Innovation is as of now being tried that would store hydrogen in different mixes, from which hydrogen can be handily removed. This anyway could bring about perilous mixes being created, and the mixes may likewise be too costly to ever be utilized on a mass scale. One more issue that architects face is that hydrogen isn't discovered alone in nature. So it must be extricated from a compound. The most famously thought of approach to extricate hydrogen is through the el... <!

The Great Depression Essay -- American History

The Great Depression was perhaps the most reduced time in American history. Despite the fact that this downturn carried extraordinary neediness to certain regions, most were not staged by it. For some it brought extraordinary neediness for other people, who had minimal expenditure put resources into banks or into the securities exchange, nothing truly changed. It even appeared that the individuals who were affected the least, their progressions would not happen until after the Depression was finished. Truth be told some never at any point realized that there was a downturn going on until it separated down through the sensationalist newspapers. This monetary catastrophe was always showed signs of change by the Election of 1932 which in the long run welcomed on the New Deal of administrative projects which would everlastingly change America. The 1920s where when America was thriving with organizations in the North and cultivating in the South and where the stock trade could make one rich if the correct speculation was made. The South introduced an alternate sort of riches not cash, yet hard work and over the top measures of food. After some time with the financial exchange ascending at record highs, and field crops in overabundance of measures of over trimmed produce, an obstruction was going to be struck hard. In the end it did in 1929 with to much stock and insufficient purchasers to buy it. This prompted a lot of frenzy in the North. Peoples’ reactions were to rapidly pull out of the speculations they had made, and racing to their banks to pull back their assets. Indeed, even individuals who had cash in the bank before it shut down got no opportunity in getting their cash there was no protection to ensure their cash misfortune. It had not yet been conceived by the legislature. This brought about cash being remo ved from dissemination, which made high swelling happen. The North’s economy had hit a shocking stop - t... ...onal framework gave the individuals who accepted they could just give through physical work different chances to thrive. These progressions carried more individuals into the South which would perpetually change the province of Tennessee, yet the manner in which the South is today. The New Deal would have an enduring effect on the economy, and would in the long run bring America out of the Great Depression. President Roosevelt would be named as perhaps the best leader ever. Tennessee would everlastingly change the manner in which the South would be viewed, because of it being the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). With respect to the financial exchange, it would not recuperate until the 1950s. The banks would in the long run become managed by the administration, and be constrained by Roosevelt to gain protection on people’s cash for up to $100,000. These activities prepared for what is presently a superior America.

The secret of success!

The secret of success! A young man asked Socrates, an ancient Greek philosopher,  the secret of Success. Socrates told the young man to meet him near the river the next  morning. They met.Socrates asked the young man to walk with him toward the river.When the  water  got up to their  necks, Socrates took the young man by surprise and ducked him into the  water. The man struggled to get out but Socrates was strong and kept him under water until he started turning blue. The young man struggled  hard  and finally managed to get up. The first thing he did was to gasp and take a deep breath.Socrates asked, What did you want the most  when you  were under the water?The man replied Air.Socrates said: Thats the most secret to success.  When you  want success as badly as you want air, you will get it. There is no other secret.Reflection:A burning desire is the starting point of all accomplishments.  Just like a small fire cannot give much heat, a weak desire cannot produce great resultsMore about Socrates:Socrates is a famous ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Athens in 469 BC and was killed (by poison) in 399 BC (about 71 years old) because the government didnt agree with his teaching.  Socrates is widely credited for laying the foundation for Western philosophy.

Arab Culture in Health Care - 1462 Words

Successful Patient-Doctor Relationships with the Arab Culture Many people have seen the increase of immigrants coming to the United States. â€Å"Census 2000 measured a U.S. population of 281.4 million, including 1.2 million who reported and Arab ancestry† (de la Cruz and Brittingham, 2000). Arab Americans are those people who speak or are descendents of Arabic-speaking populations. As doctors and caregivers continue to provide care to those that speak English, communication between them is easy. But when this simple task is changed when there is a patient from a different culture, it produces challenges that both parties have to overcome. Doctors and caregivers have to increase their cultural awareness and sensitivity so that there is a good†¦show more content†¦136). The germ theory can be defined as â€Å"microorganisms, which are too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, can invade the body and cause certain diseases† (Kusinitz). Salimbene (2000 pg. 136) found that: The humoral theory of disease is the basis for the Arabs. Many aspects of life are divided into four: the year is divided into four seasons; matter into fire, air, earth, water; the body into black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile; and the environment into â€Å"hot,† â€Å"cold,† â€Å"moist,† and â€Å"dry.† These illnesses are treated with the opposite humor. Illnesses are attributed to the extreme shifts from hot to cold and vice versa. It is also thought that the digestive system is given an opportunity to adjust to a â€Å"hot† and â€Å"cold† food before fully digesting it (Salimbene et al., 2000 pg. 137). The cultural health beliefs are specific for the Arabs with the main concern of the family. The family’s role is to indulge the sick person and take responsibilities off his or her shoulders (Salimbene et al., 2000 pg. 135). According to Meleis (2005 pg. 52), the family is central in both society and culture. When a woman is pregnant, the woman must be satisfied because â€Å"it is believed that the unborn child may develop a birthmark in the shape of the unsatisfied craving† (Salimbene et al., 2000). In the Arab culture, pain is harmful and should be controlled because the family does not want to see the patientShow MoreRelatedSpirituality of Arab Heritage: Review of Related Literature1806 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Spirituality of Arab Heritage Review of Related Literature Understanding of spirituality of Arab heritage in the context of healthcare provision and nursing can be best understood from a trans-cultural perspective, wherein healthcare providers are not only knowledgeable about specific cultures that they would most likely interact with on a regular basis, but they must be also culturally competent to interact and provide care to people who could belong to these diverse cultural groups. Indeed,Read MoreNursing Care for the Arab Culture Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagesdiversity. A patient’s culture has a significant influence on how their health care should be provided. It is vital for nurses as health care providers to be culturally competent and knowledgeable of the patient’s culture to deliver appropriate, holistic care (Potter Perry, 2011). This paper will discuss the Arab culture and focus mainly on what to do and not to do as a nurse rendering care to an Arab patient. Keywords: culture, holistic, Arab Nursing Care for the Arab Culture In any case, providingRead MoreEssay about Heritage Assessment1623 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious cultures in the world. Cultural diversity has brought cross cultural interactions beyond geographical boundaries. Every culture has values and beliefs which reflects cultural and social influences, relationships, and personal needs in an individual. Health cultural values â€Å"shape human behaviors and determine what individuals will do to maintain their health status, how they will care for themselves, and others who become ill, and where and from whom they will seek health care† (EdelmanRead MoreArab Health Care Practices Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesThe Arab Health Care Practices There is a high priority that is placed on education among the Arabs. In comparison with the average American, the U.S born and foreign-born Arabs are more educated. According to United States Census Bureau, majority of the occupational position the Arab are managerial and professional career. Not many Arabs works in farming, forestry, fishing, production, crafts and or operators and fabricators (Purnell, 2013). Most of the reasons for the Arab isolating lifestyleRead MoreHealth Promotion1598 Words   |  7 PagesThree Families and Their Cultures Grand Canyon University: NUR-429V October 11, 2015 Grand Canyon University: lt;Coursegt; America has always been known as the â€Å"melting pot†. Representing the meshing or â€Å"melting† together of cultures in a vast area creating a diverse society. Each culture or ethnic group has traditions and ways of belief that affect their decisions on how they treat illness, disease and health. Cultural values shape human behaviors and determine what individualsRead MoreCultural and Professional Heritage1103 Words   |  5 Pagesher respective tribal culture†. The attempt is to study the degree to which a person’s lifestyle reflects his or her traditional culture, such as European, Asian, African, or Hispanic. Culture is a way through which we express ourselves. It is the sum of beliefs, practices, habits, likes, dislikes, norms, customs, rituals, and so forth that we learned from our families during the years of socialization (Spector, 2009, p. 9-11). Indian culture is very unique and diverse. Health traditions in India haveRead MoreEssay on Heritage Assessment Tool1734 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Jane Parkman December 21, 2012 The Heritage Assessment Tool   The uprising of diversified communications has caused the combination of differing cultures. This suggests that dissimilar cultures are no not restricted to geographical boundaries. The noteworthy social drive worldwide has elevated apprehension over tailored health care. It is vital that the cultural backgrounds of a group have influential influences on dealing with health care concerns. TheRead MoreOverview of the Arab Culture Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesName of Culture Arab is not a race, but is a group of individuals that are united by their culture and history (ADC, 2014). There are many different variations commonly based on a particular individual’s country of origin such as Arab Americans. Other variations are based on their social class, the level of their education, if they live urbanely or rurally, or the time they have spent in the United States (Lipson Dubble, 2007). Most Arabs also practice Islamic religion and are Muslim. WhenRead MoreA Brief Note On The United Arab Emirates956 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare in the United Arab Emirates Katie Williams Alaska Career College Abstract The United Arab Emirates is a Middle Eastern country full of history and culture that is modernizing and revamping its healthcare system to better serve the needs of the people. Depending on where one plans to visit, it is important to observe the cultural and social norms of the population. Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates is a Middle Eastern country that is located along the PersianRead MoreEssay on Culturally Competent Nursing for the Egyptian Patient1093 Words   |  5 Pageseffective patient care. A nurse must know his or her own values and beliefs as well as knowing about a patient cultural practices in relation to healthcare. Cultural competence is defined by some as: â€Å"the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms and lifeways of a particular group that guides their thinking, decisions and actions.† Also it is noted that an important change to this definition is â€Å"the recognition of the dynamic, creative and ever-changing nature of culture; it is dependent

Essay Andrew Jackson A National Hero Never to be Forgotten

Old Hickory was not a man to mess with. Nick-named for his toughness, our nation’s seventh president was a favorite general among his soldiers. Andrew Jackson stood for the common man, being one of the only presidents born into poverty. This victorious man shaped the modern Democratic Party we know today, and is a national hero that will never be forgotten. Andrew Jackson was born March 15, 1767 in Waxhaw, a settlement between North and South Carolina. He resided in the forested region of the western Carolinas as a child, in a home that was built by his father. His father died when he was young, leaving his mother to raise young Jackson and his two older brothers on her own. As a child, Jackson enjoyed fighting, shooting rifles,†¦show more content†¦Andrew Jackson made many significant contributions to our country during his presidency. He imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson in August, 1814. This treaty forced the Creek Indians to give up 23 million acres of the ir land and remove their settlements. They were also pressured to relocate to an easier American- patrolled portion of land. The signing of this treaty additionally ended the Creek War. Some other documents signed by Jackson are â€Å"Approved Sale of Creek land to a Notorious Speculator† and â€Å"Disclaims Rewarding One of His Political Enemies.† He made many important choices that led to many things we know of today. Andrew Jackson was involved in a plethora of military battles. He fought in the Battle of Hanging Rock and the Battle of New Orleans. He also combated in the War of 1812 and the Creek War. He was victorious in all of these feuds because of his strong passion for fighting. Have you ever pondered on how the modern Democratic Party came about? Well, Andrew Jackson was the sculptor of the mushy clay this group used to be. He also vigorously used the veto power, opening the door for following presidents to take advantage of this privilege. The spoi ls system also emerged while Jackson was president. The Cabinet importance declined, and the Whig party was born. Andrew Jackson also disabled the National Bank of the United States during his presidency, making him the only president to ever lead a 100%Show MoreRelatedThe Confederate States of America Essay2781 Words   |  12 Pagesgreatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special place in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly four years, but the legacy of the Confederate States of America will not be forgotten. br brAs far as the Constitution of the Confederate States goes, it was not all that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a four-year term in the UnitedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Im portant Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescentury. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the LongRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesa much larger discussion about the company’s system for uncovering misconduct. How should the company strengthen that system – and what roles should the board and management play? Commentators include Stephen R. Hardis, Hal Shear, Mary Rowe, and Jackson W. Robinson. 132 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Social responsibility and global competitiveness are all well and good, readers say, but not if they emerge from companies that are simultaneously corrupting the political process. 111 138 EXECUTIVE SUMMARIESRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagestwenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting practices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs confront in establishing the economic determinantsRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesFerris State University; Greg Bach, Bismark State College; Glenna Dod, Wesleyan College; Anthony McGann, University of Wyoming; Robert D. Nale, Coastal Carolina University; Robert H. Votaw, Amber University; Don Fagan, Daniel Webster University; Andrew J. Deile, Mercer University; Samuel Hazen, Tarleton State University; Michael B. McCormick, Jacksonville State University; Neil K. Friedman, Queens College; Lawrence Aronhime, John Hopkins University; Joseph Marrocco, Boston University; MorganRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 â€Å"Lessons for ‘Undercover’ Bosses† 34 CaseRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesof ‘epistemology’ What is this? The derivation of ontology Positivist philosophical assumptions – the truth is out there and we can objectively know it The role of the subjective in human behaviour Critical theory: the truth is out there but we can never know it Postmodernism: the truth cannot be ‘out there’ since there is no ‘out there’ Modernist architecture Three key aspects of modernism Modernist medicine Chinese medicine What every organization needs: the functional imperatives A systems modelRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesUniversity of Hartford Julia Britt, California State University Tim Bothell, Brigham Young University David Cherrington, Brigham Youn g University John Collins, Syracuse University Kerri Crowne, Temple University Todd Dewett, Wright State University Andrew J. Dubrin, Rochester Institute of Technology Steven Edelson, Temple University Norma Givens, Fort Valley State University Barbara A. Gorski, St. Thomas University David Hampton, San Diego State University Stanley Harris, Auburn University RichardRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibraries Unlimited, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 A Member of the Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.lu.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To our grandchildren Annika, Jacob, Katherine, Madison, Magnus, and Molly Contents Illustrations . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . The Web SiteRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagescolleagues (mostly current and prior Indiana University faculty and students) who have coauthored content for specific chapters that can still be found in this edition: Susan A. Brown, Dong-Gil Ko, Lisa Murphy, Jay Newquist, Madhu Rao, Blaize Reich, Andrew Urbaczewski, Ramesh Venkataraman, and Dwight Worker. The following individuals have also collaborated with us on case study research or coauthored the case studies that appear in this book: Ron Anderson-Lehman, S. Balaji, Greg Clancy, Tony Easterlin

Tax(Case Report-on-Income-Tax-Authorities-in-Bangladesh) Free Essays

ASSIGNMENT on Income Tax Authorities in Bangladesh [pic] National Board of Revenue – NBR Rajashwa Bhaban Segunbagicha, Dhaka Telephone: +88 02 933-3444. http://www. nbr-bd. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax(Case Report-on-Income-Tax-Authorities-in-Bangladesh) or any similar topic only for you Order Now org National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 2 of 31 Table of contents: |Serial |Topic |Page No. | |I |Cover |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 01 | | |Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | | |. | |II |Topic/Source of the ASSIGNMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 02| |III |Table of |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 03| | |contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |01 |Letter of |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 04| | |Transmittal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |02 |Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 05| |03 |Background of |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06| | |NBR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | |04 |Taxation and its |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07| | |history†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | |05 |Tax Authorities of Bangladesh †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 | |06 |Types of Income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 | |07 |Classification of Tax systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 | |08 |Types of |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 | | |Taxation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |09 |Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 | | |9. 01 Sources of Income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 | | |9. 02 Tax Rate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 | | |9. 03 Tax Rebate for investment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 | | |9. 04 Who should submit Income Tax Return? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 | | |9. 05 Time to submit Income Tax Return †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 | | |9. 06 Assessment Procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 | | |9. 07 Tax withholding functions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 | | |9. 08 Major areas for final settlement of tax liability †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 | | |9. 09 Fiscal incentives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 | | |9. 10 Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 | |10 |Steps for collecting Income Tax in Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 | |11 |Procedure of Assessment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 | |12 |Problems for collecting Income Tax†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 | |13 |Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦31 | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 3 of 31 Letter of Transmittal March 03, 2012 To Md. Abdul Awal Chairman, EECS deparment NorthSouth University Basundhara Campus, Dhaka. Subject: Submission of Assignment on â€Å"Income Tax Authorities in Bangladesh†. Dear Sir I am pleased to submit this Assignment-report on â€Å"Income Tax Authorities in Bangladesh†. This research program was taken by the help of â€Å"Three tax system of Bangladesh†, written by M. A. Akkas, and â€Å"Income Tax† written by â€Å"Mr. Mahmud† and â€Å"Purohit Bhattacharjee†. Here is the report on the observational study of â€Å"Income Tax authority in Bangladesh†. We honestly believe that this report will fulfill the requirements of the case report, which will help us a lot to gain sufficient knowledge about the â€Å"Income Tax authority in Bangladesh† Sincerely, Deb kumar Roy ID:0910019040 National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 4 of 31 Acknowledgement I am very much grateful to the God first, who has given me all the ability to perform this chore. At last but not the least, I am grateful to my ever-respected parents those who always give us mental support and well wishes. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 5 of 31 Background of NBR The National Board of Revenue (NBR) is the central authority for tax administration inBangladesh. ItwasestablishedbyPresident’sOrderNo. 76of1972. Administratively, it is under the Internal Resources Division (IRD) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF). MoF has 3 Divisions, headed by 3 permanent Secretaries to the Government, namely, the Finance Division the Internal Resources Division (IRD) and the Economic Relations Division (ERD). The Secretary, IRD is the ex-officio Chairman of NBR. NBR is responsible for formulation and continuous re-appraisal of tax-policies and tax-laws, negotiating tax treaties with foreign governments and participating in inter-ministerial deliberations on economic issues having a bearing on fiscal policies and tax administration. The main responsibility of NBR is to collect domestic revenue (primarily, Import Duties and Taxes, VAT and Income Tax) for the government. Other responsibilities include administration of all matters related to taxes, duties and other tax producing fees. Under the overall control of IRD, NBR administers the Excise, VAT, Customs and Income-Tax services consisting of 3434 officers of various grades and 10195 supporting staff positions (Approved set up as on 09 Feb. , 2000 AD). Negotiating tax treaties with foreign governments and participating in inter- ministerial deliberations on economic issues having a bearing on fiscal policies and tax administration are also NBR’s responsibilities. The main responsibility of NBR is to mobilize domestic resources through collection of import duties and taxes, VAT and income tax for the government. Side by side with collection of taxes, facilitation of international trade through quick clearance of import and export cargoes has also emerged as a key role of NBR. Other responsibilities include administration of matters related to taxes, duties and other revenue related fees/charges and prevention of smuggling. Under the overall control of IRD, NBR administers the excise, VAT, customs and income-tax services consisting of 3434 officers of various grades and 10195 supporting staff positions. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 6 of 31 Taxation and its history Taxation- one of the major sources of public revenue to meet a country’s revenue and development expenditures with a view to accomplishing some economic and socialobjectives,suchasredistributionofincome,pricestabilizationand discouraging harmful consumption. It supplements other sources of public finance such as issuance of currency notes and coins, charging for public goods and services and borrowings. The term â€Å"Tax† has been derived from the French word â€Å"Taxe† and etymologically, the Latin word â€Å"Taxare† is related to the term ‘tax’, which means ‘to charge’. Tax is ‘a contribution exacted by the state’. It is a non-penal but compulsory and unrequited transfer of resources from the private to the public sector, levied based on predetermined criteria. According to Article 152(1) of the Constitution of Bangladesh, taxation includes the imposition of any tax, rate, duty or impost, whether general, local or special, and tax shall be construed accordingly. Rate is a local tax imposed by local government on its residents or the property owners of the locality, a duty is a tax levied on a commodity, and an impost is a tax imposed for an entry into a country. Under the provision of article 83 of the Constitution, â€Å"no tax shall be levied or collected except by or under the authority of an Act of Parliament†. Bangladesh inherited a system of taxation from its past British and Pakistani rulers. The system, however, developed based on generally accepted canons and there had been efforts towards rationalizing the tax administration for optimizing revenue collection, reducing tax evasion and preventing revenue leakage through system loss. Taxes include narcotics duty (collected by the Department of Narcotics Control, Ministry of Home Affairs), land revenue (administered by the Ministry of Land and collected at local Tahsil offices numbered on average, one in every two Union Parishads), non-judicial stamp (collected under the Ministry of Finance), registration fee (collected by the Registration Directorate of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs) and motor vehicle tax (collected under the Ministry of Communication). National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 7 of 31 The tax structure in the country consists of both direct (income tax, gift tax, land development tax, non-judicial stamp, registration, immovable property tax, etc) and indirect (customs duty, excise duty, motor vehicle tax, narcotics and liquor duty, VAT, SD, foreign travel tax, TT, electricity duty, advertisement tax, etc) taxes. The present land revenue system of Bangladesh has its base in the East Bengal state acquisition and tenancy act 1950 which established a direct contract between the taxpayer and the government. The most important tax on the value of transferred property is the non-judicial stamp tax (levied under the Stamp Act 1899), which has been in existence since January 1899. Current rates of non-judicial stamp duty are provided in the First Schedule of the Finance Act 1998, ranging from Tk. 4 to Tk. 10,000 in case of absolute rate, or from 0. 07% to 1. 5% of the value of consideration in case of ad valorem rate. The judicial stamp tax is being levied under the Court Fees Act 1870, although the levy of court fees originated in the introduction of the Bengal Regulation No. 8 of 1795. The first sales tax was introduced in the former Central Provinces of India in 1938. In Bengal, sales tax was adopted in 1941. In 1948, sales tax was transferred as a central tax under the General Sales Tax Act of 1948. The Sales Tax Act 1951 came into force on 1 July 1951 by repealing the Pakistan General Sales Tax Act of 1948. Until 1982, sales tax was being collected under the 1951 Act, which was replace d by the Sales Tax Ordinance 1982. The VAT law was promulgated by repealing the Business. Income tax was first introduced in the subcontinent by the British in 1860 to make up the revenue deficit caused by the sepoy revolt, 1857. After independence of Bangladesh, income tax was made effective under the Income Tax Act 1922 passed on the basis of the recommendations of the All-India Income Tax Committee appointed in 1921. Currently, income tax has been imposed under the Income Tax Ordinance 1984 (ITO) promulgated on the basis of recommendations of the Final Report of the Taxation Enquiry Commission submitted in April 1979. Income taxpayers (assesses) are classified as individuals, partnership firms, Hindu undivided National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 8of 31 families (HUF), associations of persons (AOP), companies (publicly traded and private), local authorities, and other artificial juridical persons. Tax rates and scope of taxable income differ based on residential status of an assesses (resident or non- resident). From fiscal or assessment year, (AY) 2000-01, there is a filing threshold of annual total income of Tk. 00,000 applicable for individuals (including non-resident Bangladeshis), partnership firms, HUF, AOP and assesses other than companies and local authorities. In case an identity of this group has a total annual income less than this level, he is not required to submit tax return but if someone’s income is higher, he is to pay a minimum tax of Tk. 1,000. Bangladesh inherited a system of taxation from its past British and Pakistani rulers. National Board of Revenue (NBR ), Bangladesh. Page 9 of 31 Tax Authorities of Bangladesh ? There are 3-divisions under the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Secretary leads each division. ? |The Chairman of NBR (National Board of Revenue) is working |under Internal | | |Resource Division (IRD). | | | | | | | | | | |? |NBR is the apex body of the Tax Administration. | | It consists of two parts: (1) Customs VAT (2) Income Tax. Both are under the same authority. There are 4-members under NBR. ? Under the NBR, a Commissioner of Taxes is the head of the department and he is in charge of a taxes Zone. There are 8-Zones in Bangladesh. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 10 of 31 [pic] National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 11 of 31 Types of Income Income Assessable IncomeNon-Assessable Income Taxable Income Non-taxable Income Income: Income means anything received in cash or in kind unless exempted by laws. 1) Assessable Income: Assessable Incomes are those incomes, which are included in the determination of total income of a taxpayer. ) Taxable Income: Taxable Incomes are those incomes that the tax is to be paid on those incomes. b) Non- Taxable Income: Non – taxable income is taken into total income for taxation rate purpose but no tax is to be paid on this part of income. 2) Non- Assessable Income: Non- assessable incomes are those incomes which are not included in the determination of total income of a taxpaye r. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 12 of 31 Classification of Tax systems Classification of Tax System Single Tax Multiple Taxes 1. Single Tax: Only one tax for everybody. Single tax is the poll tax or the head tax or adolescent tax, which is imposed on a person simply because he is there in the society. 2. Multiple Taxes:A system under which different types of taxes shall be levied by the govt. according to suitability. Ex. Income Tax, VAT. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 13 of 31 Types of Taxation Types of Taxation a) Direct Tax b) Indirect Tax a) Progressive Tax b) Regressive Tax c) Proportional Tax a) Direct Tax: Direct tax is a sort of tax the impact of effect incidents and which fall back on the person on whom it is imposed. . e. : Income Tax, Marriage Tax etc. b) Indirect Tax: Indirect taxes are those burden of which can be passed on others through price vehicles. c) Progressive Tax: The tax rate increases as the taxable income/amount increases. d) Regressive tax: The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax where the tax rate decreases as the taxable income/amount increases. e) Proportional Tax: In between is a propor tional tax, where tax is fixed as the amount to which the rate is applied increases. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 14 of 31 Methodology Among direct taxes, income tax is one of the main sources of revenue. It is a progressive tax system. Income tax is imposed on the basis of ability to pay. The more a taxpayer earns the more he should pay†- is the basic principle of charging income tax. It aims at ensuring equity and social justice. Sources of Income: For the purpose of computation of total income and charging tax thereon, sources of income can be classified into 7 categories, which are as follows: †¢Salaries †¢Interest on securities †¢Income from house property †¢Income from agriculture †¢Income from business or profession Capital gains †¢Income from other sources. Tax Rate (Assessment Year- 2008-09): Other than Company: For individuals other than female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of 70 years and above and retarded taxpayers, tax payable for the |First |1,65,000/- |Nil | |Next |2,75,000/- |10% | |Next |3,25,000/- |15% | |Next |3,75,000/- |20% | |Rest Amount | |25% | For female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of age 70 years and above and retarded taxpayers, tax payable for the |First |1,80,000/- |Nil | |Next |2,75,000/- |10% | |Next |3,25,000/- |15% | National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 15 of 31 |Next |3,75,000/- |20% | |Rest Amount | |25% | Minimum tax for any individual assesses is Tk. 2,000 Non-resident Individual25% (other than non-resident Bangladeshi) For Companies Publicly Traded Company27. 5% Non-publicly Traded Company37. 5% Bank, Insurance Financial Company 45% Mobile Phone Operator Company45% If any publicly traded company declares more than 20% dividend, 10% rebate on total tax is allowed. Tax Rebate for investment: Rate of Rebate: Amount of allowable investment is either up to 25% of total income or Tk. 5,00,000/- whichever is less. Tax rebate amounts to 10% of allowable investment. Types of investment qualified for the tax rebate are: †¢Life insurance premium †¢Contribution to deferred annuity †¢Contribution to Provident Fund to which Provident Fund Act, 1925 applies †¢Self contribution and employer’s contribution to Recognized Provident Fund †¢Contribution to Super Annuation Fund †¢Investment in approved debenture or debenture stock, Stocks or Shares †¢Contribution to deposit pension scheme †¢Contribution to Benevolent Fund and Group Insurance premium †¢Contribution to Zakat Fund Donation to charitable hospital approved by National Board of Revenue †¢Donationtophilanthropicoreducationalinstitutionapprovedbythe Government †¢Donation to socioeconomic or cultural development institution established in Bangladesh by Aga Khan Development Network National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 16 of 31 Who should submit Income Tax Return? †¢If tota l income of any individual other than female taxpayers, senior taxpayers of 70 years and above and retarded taxpayers during the income year exceeds Tk 1,65,000/-. If total income of any female taxpayer, senior taxpayer of 70 years and above and retarded taxpayer during the income year exceeds Tk 1,80,000/-. †¢If any person was assessed for tax during any of the 3 years immediately preceding the income year. †¢A person who lives in any city corporation/paurashava/divisional HQ/district HQ and owns a building of more than one storey and having plinth area exceeding 1,600 sq. feet/owns motor car/owns membership of a club registered under VAT Law. †¢If any person subscribes a telephone. If any person runs a business or profession having trade license. †¢Any professional registered as doctor, lawyer, income tax practitioner, Chartered Accountant, Cost Management Accountant, Engineer, Architect and Surveyor etc. †¢Member of a Chamber of Commerce and Industries o r a trade Association. †¢Any person who participates in a tender. †¢A person who has a Taxpayer’s Identification Number (TIN). †¢Candidate for Union Parishad, Paurashava, City Corporation or Parliament. Time to Submit Income Tax Return: For Company By fifteenth day of July next following the income year or, where the fifteenth day of July falls before the expiry of six months from the end of the income year, before the expiry of such six months. For Other than Company Unless the date is extended, by the Thirtieth day of September next following the income year. Consequences of Non-Submission of Return †¢imposition of penalty amounting to 10% of tax on last assessed income subject to a minimum of Tk. 1,000/- †¢In case of a continuing default a further penalty of Tk. 50/- for every day of delay. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 17 of 31 Assessment Procedures: †¢For a return submitted under normal scheme, assessment is made after hearing. †¢For returns submitted under Universal Self Assessment Scheme, the acknowledgement slip is determined to be an assessment order. Universal Self Assessment is of course subject to audit. Appeal against the order of DCT: A taxpayer can file an appeal against DCT’s order to the Commissioner (Appeals)/Additional or Joint Commissioner of Taxes (Appeals) and to the Taxes Appellate Tribunal against an Appeal order. Tax withholding functions: In Bangladesh withholding taxes are usually termed as Tax deduction and collected at source. Under this system both private and public limited companies or any other organization specified by law are legally authorized and bound to withhold taxes at some point of making payment and deposit the same to the Government Exchequer. The taxpayer receives a certificate from the withholding authority and gets credits of tax against assessed tax on the basis of such certificate. Heads of Income Subject to deduction or collection of income tax at source with specified rates of deduction. |No. Heads |Section/Rule |Rate |Chalan in the | | | | | |name of | |1 |Salaries | | |Respective | | | |Section 50 |deduction at average rate |Zone | |2 |Discount on the real value of | |deduction at normal rate or maximum rate |LTU | | |Bangladesh Bank Bills |Section 50A |whichever is greater. | |3 |Interest on securities |Section 51 |10%on interest or discount |LTU | |4 |Supply of goods and execution of | |ni l up to 1 lac, 1-5 lacs |Zone-2 (Partly) | | |contracts and sub-contracts |Section |(1%), 5-15 lacs (2. 5%), 15- |LTU | | | |52(Rule 16) |25 lacs 3. 5% and 25 lacs and above | | | | | |(4%) | | National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 18 of 31 |5 |Indenting commission / Shipping | |3. 5% of the total receipt of indenting |Zone-2 | | |agency commission |Section 52 (Rule 17) |commission 5% of total Shipping agency | | | | |commission receipt | | |6 |Royalty, Fees for professional or | | |Zone-8 | | |technical services |Section 52 A |10% of the fees | | |7 |Stevedoring agency Security |Section 52 | |Ctg. Zone- | | |service |AA |7. 5% of the fees |2 | |8 |C F agency commission |Section 52 | |Zone-2 | | | |AAA |7. 5% of the fees | | |9 |Sale of bandrolls ( for biri) | | |Respective | | | |Section 52B |6% of the value of bandrolls. Zone | |10 |Compensation for acquisition of | |6% of the compensation money |Zone-2 | | |property |Section 52C | | | |11 |Interest on saving instru ments | |10% of the amount of interest (Current |Zone-2 | | | |Section 52D |rate) | | |12 |Collection of tax from brick | |1 Sec. = Tk. 10,000/ for each brick field. |Respective | | |manufacturers | |1. 5 Sec. = Tk. 2,000/ for each brick |Zone | | | | |field. | | | | |Section 52F |2 Sec. = Tk. 18,000/ for each | | | | | |brick field. | | |13 |Commission on Letter of | |5% of the amount of commission. |LTU | | |Credits |Section 52I | | | |14 |Issuing Renewal of trade | Tk 500/- For renewal of each |Zone-3 | | |licence |Section 52K |Lincence | | |15 |Trustee fees |Section 52L |10% | | |16 |Frieght Forward agency | | | | | |Com. |Section 52M |7. 5% | | |17 |Rental power |Section 52N |4% | | |18 |Import of goods |Section 53 (Rule17A) | |Zone-2 | | | | |3% of the value of imports. | |19 |Income from house property (house | |No deduction if monthly rent is below |Zone-2 | | |rent) | |20,000/- |Dha Other | | | |Section 53A (Rule17B)|3% (if monthly rent is |outside | | | | |20,000-40,000 Tk. ) and |Zone | | | | |5% (if monthly rent is above | | | | | |40,000 Tk. | | |20 |Shipping business of resident | | |Zone-2,ctg | | | |Section 53AA |5% of freight | | |21 |Export of manpower |Section 53B (Rule | |Zone-2, dhk ctg| | | |17C) |10% of the service charges. | | |22 |Export of Knitwear |Section 53BB |0. 25% |Zone-5 | |23 |Member of Stock |Section | |Zone-7 | | |Exchange |53BBB |0. 015% | | |24 |Export of goods except |Section |0. 25% |Zone-5 | National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 19 of 31 |Knitweare Woven garments |53BBBB | | | |25 |Sale of goods by public auction |Section 53C (Rule | |Zone-2 | | | |17D) |5% of the sale price | | |26 |Courier Service (Non- resident) | | |Zone-6 | | | |Section 53CC |7. 5% | | |27 |Payment to film actors and actresses| |5% of the amount paid exceeding |Zone-2 | | | |Section 53D (Rule |Tk. 6000/- | | | | |17E) | | | |28 |Cash subsidy |Section 53DD |5% |Zone-5 | |29 |Commission Fees or discount paid to| | |Zone-2 LTU | | | distributors |Section 53E (Rule |7. 5% of the amount of commission. | | | | |17G) | | | |30 |Commission or charges paid to the | | |Dhk. Zone- | | |agents of foreign buyers | | |6, | | | | | |Ctg. Zone-3 and | | | | |4 % on the amount of commission or charges. |Zone of | | | |Section 53EE | |Respective | | | | | |Division | |31 |Interest on bank deposits |Section 53F (Rule |10% of the amount of interest. |Zone-1 | | | |17H) | | | |32 |Real Estate Developers | |In case of Bldg. 250 per sq. eter |Zone-5 | | | | |In case of land 5% of deed value | | | | |Section 53FF | | | |33 |Insurance commission | |3% on the amount of commission |LTU | | | |Section 53G | | | |34 |Commission paid to the Surveyors of | | |Dhk. Zone- | | |General Insurances | | |2, | | | | | |Ctg. Zone-3 and | | | | |7. 5% on the amount of commission. Zone | | | |Section 53GG | |of | | | | | |Respective | | | | | |Division | |35 |Transfer of property |Section 53H (Rule |5% of the value of the property. |Survey | | | |17I) | |Zone | | |Interest on Post Office | |No deduction if the amount of interest does|Zone-2 | | |Savings Bank Account | |not exceeds Tk. 1,50,000 and if exceeds | | | | |Section 53I |then 10% on the amount of interest . | | |36 |Rent of vacant land, plant and | No deduction if monthly rent is below |Zone-2 | | |machinery | |15,000/- | | | | |Section 53J (Rule |3% (if monthly rent is | | | | |17BB) |15,000 -30,000 Tk. ) and | | | | | |5% (if monthly rent is above | | | | | |30,000 Tk. ) | | National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 20 of 31 |37 |Advertising bill of news paper, | | |Zone-5 | | |magazine, private television | |3% of the value of the property. | | |channel |Section 53K | | | |38 |Dividend | | |LTU (only LTU’s | | | | |(1) Resident individual 10%, non-resident |files) all others| | | |Section 54 |individual 25% (2) Company 15% |Zone-2 | |39 |Income from lottery |Section 55 |20% of the amount won. |Zone-2 | |40 |Income of non-resident Other than | |Company – rate applicable to the com. Other|Zone-6 | | |non- resident Bangladeshi} |Section 56 |than company – maximum rate. | | Major areas for final settlement of tax liability: Tax deducted at source for the following cases is treated as final discharge of tax liabilities. No additional tax is charged or refund is allowed in the following cases:- †¢Supply or contract work †¢Band rolls of hand made cigarettes †¢Import of goods †¢Transfer of properties †¢Export of manpower †¢Real Estate Business †¢Export value of garments †¢Local shipping business †¢Royalty, technical know-how fee †¢Insurance agent commission. †¢Auction purchase †¢Payment on account of survey by surveyor of a general insurance company †¢Clearing forwarding agency commission. †¢Transaction by a member of a Stock Exchange. †¢Courier business †¢Export cash subsidy Tax Recovery System: In case of non-payment of income tax demand the following measures can be taken against a taxpayer for realization of tax:- †¢Imposition of penalty †¢Attachment of bank accounts, salary or any other payment. †¢Filing of Certificate case to the Special Magistrate. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 21 of 31 Advance Payment of Tax: Every taxpayer is required to pay advance tax in four equal installments falling on 15th September; 15th December; 15th March and 15th June of each year if the latest assessed income exceeds Taka three lakh. Penalty is imposed for default in payment of any installment of advance tax. Fiscal incentives : Following are fiscal incentives available to a taxpayer: )Tax holiday: Tax holiday is allowed for industrial undertaking, tourist industry and physical infrastructure facility established between 1st July 2008 to 30th June 2011 in fulfillment of certain conditions. Industrial Undertaking Eligible for Tax holiday: (i)An industry e ngaged in production of textile, textile machinery, jute goods, high value garments, pharmaceuticals, melamine, plastic products, ceramics, sanitary ware, steel from iron ore, MS Rod, CI Sheet, fertilizer, insecticide pesticide, computer hardware, petro-chemicals, agriculture machinery, boilers, compressors, basic raw materials of drugs, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. (ii)An industry engaged in agro-processing, ship building, diamond cutting. Physical Infrastructure Eligible for Tax holiday: Sea or river port, container terminals, internal container depot, container freight station, LNG terminal and transmission line, CNG terminal and transmission line, gas pipe line, flyover, mono rail, underground rail, telecommunication other than mobile phone, large water treatment plant supply through pipe line, waste treatment plant, solar energy plant, export processing zone. Tourism Industry Eligible for Tax holiday: Residential hotel having facility of three star or more. b)Accelerated depreciation: Accelerated depreciation on cost of machinery is admissible for new industrial undertaking in the first year of commercial production 50%, in the second year 30% and in the third year 20%. )Income derived from any Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) engaged in production of any goods and having an annual turnover of not more than taka twenty four lakh is exempt from tax. d)Industry set up in EPZ is exempt from tax for a period of 10 years from the date of commencement of commercial pr oduction. e)Income from fishery, poultry, cattle breeding, dairy farming, horticulture, floriculture, mushroom cultivation and sericulture are exempt from tax up to 30th June, 2011, subject to investing at least 10% of the exempted income that exceeds one lakh Taka, in government bonds. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 22 of 31 f)Income derived from export of handicrafts is exempted from tax up to 30th June, 2011. )An amount equal to 50% of the income derived from export business is exempted from tax. h)Listed companies are entitled to 10% tax rebate if they declaredividend of 20% or more. i)Income from Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) business is exempted up to 30th June, 2011. Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement: There are agreements on avoidance of double taxation between Bangladesh and 28 countries which are:- (01) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (02) Singapore (03) Sweden (04) Republic of Korea (05) Canada (06) Pakistan (07 ) Romania (08) Sri Lanka (09) France (10) Malaysia (11) Japan (12) India (13) Germany 14) The Netherlands (15) Italy (16) Denmark (17) China (18) Belgium (19) Thailand (20) Poland (21) Philippines (22) Vietnam (23) Turkey (24) Norway (25) USA (26) Indonesia (27) Switzerland (28) Oman. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 23 of 31 Steps for collecting Income Tax in Bangladesh Submission of income tax returns is generally due by: 30th September in case of non-companies and 31st December in case of companies. Assessment is made in several procedures. They are: ? Self assessment ? Presumptive assessment ? Spot assessment ? Pre-audit based assessment. However, certain percent of self assessment cases are selected for audit. Assesses can prefer appeal if aggrieved by his assessment. There are three primary forums for appeal. They are to the Appellate Commissioner/Additional Commissioner/Joint Commissioner or to the Commission for reviews. The decisions of Appellate Commissioner/Additional Commissioner/Joint Commissioner can be challenged to the next Appellate Court named as Appellate Tribunal. Withholding tax is levy able on a number of items including contractors, imports, transfer of urban land/building, bank deposits etc. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 24 of 31 Procedure of Assessment Generally the followings steps are followed in case of Assessment of the Company and the Corporation: Step-1 Computation of Business Income Step-2 Computation of Total Income Step-3 Determination of Total Tax Liabilities Step-4 Determination of Net Tax Liabilities According to Sections 28, 29 and 30 of ITO, 1984 Income from business is to be calculated after considering admissible and inadmissible expenses to this end. Total Income of the Company is to be calculated by adding other income with income from business. Total Tax liabilities are to be determining by applying prescribed tax rate. Net Tax liability is to be ascertained by deducting the following tax rebate from Total Tax liabilities: 10% Tax rebate on foreign income Tax rebate on increased production in case of industrial company, if applicable. Tax rebate on export income (at rate applicable) Tax rebate and average rate on tax free income. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 25 of 31 Problems for collecting Income Tax Tax avoidance is one of the main problems for collecting Income Tax by the Income Tax Authority in Bangladesh. It is the legal utilization of the tax regime to one’s own advantage, in order to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. By contrast tax evasion is the general term for efforts to not pay taxes by illegal means. The term tax mitigation is a synonym for tax avoidance. Its original use was by tax advisors as an alternative to the pejorative term of tax avoidance. Latterly the term has also been used in the tax regulations of some jurisdictions to distinguish tax avoidance foreseen by the lawmakers from tax avoidance which exploits loopholes in the law. Based on these concepts arises the pillars of Tax Protesters as well as Tax Resistance: Some of those attempting not to pay tax believe that they have uncovered interpretations of the law that show that they are not subject to being taxed: these individuals and groups are sometimes called tax protesters. An unsuccessful tax protestor has been attempting openly to evade tax, while a successful one avoids tax. Tax resistance is the declared refusal to pay a tax for conscientious reasons (because the resister does not want to support the government or some of its activities). Tax resistors typically do not take the position that the tax laws are themselves illegal or do not apply to them (as tax protesters do) and they are more concerned with not paying for particular government policies that they oppose. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 26 of 31 Responses to tax avoidance: Avoidance also reduces government revenue and brings the tax system into disrepute, so governments need to prevent tax avoidance or keep it within limits. The obvious way to do this is to frame tax rules so that there is no scope for avoidance. In practice, this has not proved achievable nd has led to an ongoing battle between governments amending legislation and tax advisors’ finding new scope for tax avoidance in the amended rules. Tax evasion: By contrast, tax evasion is the general term for ef forts by individuals, firms, trusts and other entities to evade taxes by illegal means. Tax evasion usually entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities to reduce their tax liability, and includes, in particular, dishonest tax reporting (such as declaring less income, profits or gains than actually earned; or overstating deductions). Illegal income and tax evasion: Who earn income by illegal means (gambling, theft, drug trafficking etc. ) is required to report unlawful gains as income when filing annual tax returns. Suspected lawbreakers have therefore been charged with tax evasion when there is insufficient evidence to try them for their non-tax related crimes. Other times, tax evasion can be used as a â€Å"one more nail in the coffin† by prosecutors by stating that if a person earns illegal income, s/he may also be guilty of tax evasion. Those who attempt to report illegal income as coming from a legitimate source could be charged with money laundering. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 27 of 31 Evasion of Value Added Tax (VAT): During the latter half of the twentieth century, Value Added Tax (VAT) has emerged as a modern form of consumption tax through the world. Producers who collect VAT from the consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales. Control of evasion: Level of evasion depends on a number of factors one of them being fiscal equation. People’s tendency to evade income tax declines when the return for due payment of taxesisnotobvious. Evasionalsodependsontheefficiencyofthetax administration. Corruption by the tax officials often render control of evasion difficult. Tax administrations resort to various means for plugging in scope of evasion and increasing the level of enforcement. Public opinion on tax avoidance: Tax avoidance may be considered to be the dodging of one’s duties to society, or alternatively the right of every citizen to structure one’s affairs in a manner allowed by law, to pay no more tax than what is required. Attitudes vary from approval through neutrality to outright hostility. Attitudes may vary depending on the steps taken in the avoidance scheme, or the perceived unfairness of the tax being avoided. Corruption by tax officials: Corrupt tax officials cooperate with the tax payers who intend to evade taxes. When they detect an instance of evasion, they refrain from reporting in return for illegal gratification or bribe. Corruption by tax officials is a serious problem for the tax administration in a huge number of underdeveloped countries. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 28 of 31 The distinction in various jurisdictions of Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance: The use of the terms tax avoidance and tax evasion can vary depending on the jurisdiction. In general, the term â€Å"evasion† applies to illegal actions and â€Å"avoidance† to actions within the law. The term â€Å"mitigation† is also used in some jurisdictions to further distinguish actions within the original purpose of the relevant provision from those actions that are within the letter of the law, but do not achieve its purpose. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 29 of 31 Conclusion Though the rate of tax revenue is to GDP is very negligible, despite the government is trying to maximize its tax revenue through different method. But the government should also remind the cannon of convenience while collecting tax from assesses. As we are living in a civilized society – should come forward to pay taxes to government in order to conduct the administrative, defense and development activities of the country. Otherwise we would not be able to prove ourselves as civilized people. Tax is the most important in the hand of the government to control the economy as well as the inflection. It also helps in push money to the economy, develop certain source of the economy and control some other activities of the economy. No Government can run it’s and perform administration works without collecting tax as a source of revenue. So, the Government imposes tax over the company and the corporations. On the other hand Government can also intensive to the infant and certain basic industry for protection through its tax policy. National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 30 of 31 ? The End ? National Board of Revenue (NBR), Bangladesh. Page 31 of 31 ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [? ] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] How to cite Tax(Case Report-on-Income-Tax-Authorities-in-Bangladesh), Papers

The Untouchables free essay sample

The Untouchables Essay In this essay I am going to compare the shootout scene of the movie The Untouchables and the clip of the Odessa Steps sequence from Potemkin. The first thing the viewer sees in the clip of The Untouchables is Elliot Ness at the top of the staircase helping a mother with her baby carriage. A close up shot of the face of one of the villains is shown right before the gun fire breaks out. During the confusion, the baby starts rolling down the stairs. The music turns to a type of nursery rhyme melody, which is an eerie effect on the viewer and adds to the suspense. This scene shows the thoughts Ness, as he has to make a very fast decision during the shootout: to save the baby or shoot the villains? Next, a slow motion sequence begins. This is necessary because the viewer would not be able to experience everything in real time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Untouchables or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The shots switch back and forth between the baby and gunfight. All the while, the carriage keeps making its way down the stairs with a ‘Clunk, Clunk, Clunk’ sound. The sound effect adds to the feeling of danger the baby is in. Ness is trying to stop the carriage and save the baby while in the shootout. A close up of the mother shows her mouth the words, â€Å"My baby! † The viewer is quite anxious for Ness and the baby. The camera shot switches to a medium shot of Ness’ accomplice, who throws him a gun. The accomplice slides across the floor at the base of the stairs and stops the baby’s carriage. Ness takes one last shot and kills the book keeper. On the Odessa Steps, a mother with an infant in the baby carriage is shot. The screen is expanded drawing out the agony of the young mother’s slow death. Her body falls in slow motion. The camera cuts back and forth between the mother dying and soldiers at the bottom of the stairs slaughtering people, continuing their march on the steps. The camera shows the wheels of the baby carriage four separate times perched precariously at the top of the stairs. In the clips, the good guys and bad guys are depicted fairly well. The good guys in The Untouchables are compassionate while the bad guys have no conscience about shooting innocent victims such as sailors and babies. In the Odessa steps clip, the scene clearly depicts the evil military slaughtering the innocent victims. The close up of Ness’ face showing extreme concern as the carriage is falling down the stairs depicts his emotions of being torn on what to do. The values of the good guys are pretty clear in the clip as they value the baby’s life over catching the bad guys. In both clips, light and sound, are used to build up tension on the screen. The Untouchables scene shows more human emotion of the characters to the viewer, while the Odessa Steps scene is much more military and grim. Both clips use lighting, sound and different camera shots to create the feeling of drama and suspense, as well as to enhance the action sequences. Works Cited Nichols, Bill Engaging Cinema. New York: 2010. Print. Opening sequence of Apocalypse Now (Francis Ford Coppola, 1979) Web. Odessa Steps sequence from Potemkin (Sergei Eisenstein, 1925) Web.

The Virgins Passion essays

The Virgin's Passion essays The Gothic Diptych at the Minneapolis Museum of Art, which is attributed to the Master of the Passion Diptych, seems at first glance to be a fine example of the mixed mannerism and classicism typical of a time in transition between Gothic and Renaissance styles. The small ivory panels, which are dated at approximately 1375, have a deeply traditional subject matter. They portray a series of scenes from the life of Christ, beginning with the Annunciation and proceeding through his birth, adoration by the Magi, betrayal, death, ascension, and the final gift of his spirit to the people at Pentecost. These subjects are executed skillfully in the tiny medium (the entire work in less than 9 inches tall), with careful attention paid to the expression and placement of the figures. Stylistically, this piece seems both common to its time and yet also enlightening as to its historical moment. There is a certain classical stylization to the flow of the drapery and clothing about the figures which has evolved from the more formless shapes of the earlier middle ages, and hints at an evolving classicism and awareness of form that heralds the oncoming Renaissance. The characters are in constant contorting motion, and the drapery about them is used to accentuate the angles at which they are caught, and an articulated body is visible below. "In the Gothic figure no such differentiation exists" (Iskold), until the Gothic begins to blend Sucha blend is not entirely uncommon in the later Gothic era, of course, and one sees other characteristics of the Gothic more obviously present. The extreme mannerism of certain artists at this time is more gently portrayed here, but still visible in the bodies that contort off to one side, and the sometimes exaggerated facial expressions. The male background figures especially tend towards a slightly regressive mannerism, with grins that border on gri...

Ed Sullivan, Variety Show Host Influenced American Culture

Ed Sullivan, Variety Show Host Influenced American Culture Ed Sullivan was a newspaperman who became an unlikely cultural force during the early decades of television. His Sunday night variety show was considered a weekly event in homes around the country. The Ed Sullivan Show is widely remembered for giving The Beatles their first exposure in America, an event in early 1964 which seemed to change the culture overnight. A decade earlier, Elvis Presley had also made a huge impression on Sullivans stage, generating a national controversy while turning many young Americans into instant fans of rock n roll. Fast Facts: Ed Sullivan Born: September 28, 1902 in New York CityDied: October 13, 1974 in New York CityKnown For: As host of a weekly variety show broadcast on Sunday nights, Sullivan had enormous influence on American show business.Parents: Peter Arthur Sullivan and Elizabeth F. SmithSpouse: Sylvia WeinsteinChildren: Betty Sullivan Besides showcasing musicians, Sullivans weekly show was marked by its eclectic, and often simply odd, array of performers. Broadway stars might perform a scene from a hit musical, nightclub comedians would tell jokes about their wives and mothers in law, magicians would perform elaborate tricks, and circus performers would tumble, juggle, or spin plates. What happened on Sullivans show became part of the national conversation. By the time his show ended in 1971, it was estimated that more than 10,000 performers had appeared. During the 1950s and 1960s a mark of success in show business meant appearing on The Ed Sullivan Show. Early Life and Career Edward Vincent Sullivan was born on September 28, 1902, in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. His father, a customs inspector, was the son of an Irish immigrant, and his mother was an amateur painter who loved the arts. Sullivan had a twin brother who died in infancy, and as a child his family moved out of New York City to Port Chester, New York. Growing up, Sullivan was influenced by his parents love of music. He attended Catholic schools, and at St. Mary’s High School he wrote for the school newspaper and played several sports. After high school an uncle offered to pay his college tuition, but Sullivan chose to go directly into the newspaper business. In 1918 he got a job at the local Port Chester newspaper. He briefly worked for a newspaper in Hartford, Connecticut, but then moved on to New York City. In the early 1930s he became a columnist for the New York Daily News. He covered Broadway and show business in general, and began appearing on radio broadcasts. To augment his income, Sullivan would moonlight as the emcee at Times Square theaters that featured live vaudeville acts and movies. After appearing on an early television broadcast, an advertising executive thought Sullivan should host a regular TV show. On June 20, 1948, he first appeared as the host of a CBS variety show, â€Å"The Toast of the Town.† Ed Sullivan. Getty Images   Television Pioneer Sullivans show was not immediately successful, but after obtaining a new steady sponsor, Lincoln-Mercury automobiles, and a new name, The Ed Sullivan Show, it caught on. His 1974 obituary in the New York Times noted that Sullivans appeal was often baffling to anyone seeking to explain it. Even his onstage awkwardness became part of his charm. His weekly promise to the audience was that he was presenting a really big show. For decades, impressionists, playing on Sullivans peculiar diction, mimicked his catchphrase as a rilly big shew. The core of Sullivans lasting appeal was his credibility as a judge of talent. The American public came to believe that if Ed Sullivan put someone on his show they were worthy of attention. The Elvis Controversy 10/28/1956-New York, NY: Elvis Presley, rock and roll sensation, as he rehearses with his band for The Ed Sullivan Show. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images In the summer of 1956, Elvis Presley appeared on television on â€Å"The Steve Allen Show.† But it wasn’t until his appearance on Ed Sullivan’s program on September 9, 1956, that mainstream America was shocked by what they saw. (Sullivan, recuperating from a serious auto accident, didn’t host that night; actor Charles Laughton was the guest host.) Some viewers, appalled by Presley’s â€Å"suggestive† dancing, criticized Sullivan harshly. The television critic of the New York Times, Jack Gould, published a denunciation of Presley the following Sunday. Gould wrote that Presley was a â€Å"gyrating figure† generally found on the fringes of show business, and that his â€Å"bumps and grinds† could â€Å"overstimulate† teenagers. The following month, Elvis returned for a performance on the night of October 28, 1956. Sullivan was back hosting, and again criticism followed. Sullivan hosted Elvis again on January 6, 1957, but CBS executives insisted that the singer only be shown from the waist up, keeping his swiveling hips safely out of sight. Cultural Milestones on Sunday Nights Ed Sullivan with The Beatles. Getty Images Eight years later, Sullivan made more cultural history by hosting The Beatles on their first visit to America. Their initial appearance, on February 9, 1964, set ratings records. It was estimated that 60 percent of American televisions were tuned into their performance. Coming less than three months after the assassination of President Kennedy, Sullivan showcasing The Beatles seemed like a very welcome bit of fun. In the following years, Sullivan would host a number of musicians who were changing the culture, including The Rolling Stones, The Supremes, James Brown, Janis Joplin, The Doors, The Jefferson Airplane, Johnny Cash, and Ray Charles. When network affiliates and advertisers suggested he should avoid booking black performers so as not to offend viewers in the South, he refused. Sullivan’s show endured for 23 years, ending in 1971. He produced some TV specials after giving up the weekly show before becoming ill with cancer. He died in New York on October 13, 1974. Sources Ed Sullivan. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 19, Gale, 2004, pp. 374-376. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Coletta, Charles. Sullivan, Ed (1902–1974). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 5, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 6-8. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Goldfarb, Sheldon. The Ed Sullivan Show. Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-Century America, edited by Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, vol. 3: 1940s-1950s, UXL, 2002, pp. 739-741. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Development of Urban Civilization and Form Essay

Development of Urban Civilization and Form - Essay Example As a type of community, the city may be regarded as a relatively stable awareness of population, together with its "varied environments, social arrangements, and supporting activities, occupying a more or less discrete site, and having a cultural importance that differentiates it from other types of human settlement and association. In its elementary functions and rudimentary characteristics, however, a city is not clearly distinguishable from a town or even a large village." (Britannica, 2006) It was no accident that the earliest of man's fixed settlements originated in the rich "subtropical valleys of the Nile, the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Indus, and the Yellow Rivers or in such well-watered islands as Crete." Such regions gave encouraging ecological issues making town living comparatively simple. Pre-urban growths that covered the means for urban life also comprised such features as "traditionalism, a power structure, and a form of economic as well as social organization." Traditionalism put in the reception and broadcast of what had worked in the existence of the crowd and was consequently "right" and to be kept. New value directions and beliefs may also have influenced the route of urbanization, although their significance is still extremely speculative. Before 1800, improvements in agricultural and manufacturing methods had allowed a remarkable attentiveness of creative activity close to the sources of mechanical power-water and coal. A subsequent association of population was hastened by the excellence of the steam engine and the dominance of the factory over pre-industrial business association. Under provisions of "belt-and-pulley" authority broadcast, urban application was a means of: (1) Reducing the costs of conquering resistances in transportation and communications and (2) Maximizing interior monetary systems of extent and outside economies. A strange convergence of profitable, geographic, and technical issues in Britain guided to far-reaching transforms in such planned movements as textiles, transport, and iron, even though the educational and social requirements for industrialization were not exclusively present in any one nation,. Britain became "the workshop of the world" and London its "head office." (Britannica, 2006) Urban Planning Urban planning and redevelopment is planned at satisfying communal and financial purposes that go further than the corporal shape and arrangement of buildings, streets, parks, utilities, and other parts of the urban environment. Urban planning takes effect principally during the procedures of administration and needs the relevance of specialized methods of "survey, analysis, forecasting, and design." It may hence be expressed as a public society, as a legislative utility, or as a scientific career. Each feature has its own thoughts, narration, and theories. Together they blend into the attempt of contemporary civilization to figure and progress the surroundings within which growing amounts of civilization squander their lives: the city. For several centuries throughout the middle ages, there was small structure of cities in Europe. There is contradictory estimation on the superiority of the towns that grew up as "centres of church or feudal authority, of marketing or

Outsourcing to Developing Countries Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Outsourcing to Developing Countries - Term Paper Example The question of outsourcing has a brought about a lot out a myriad of protests, many of them by them based on the escalating the rates of unemployment. Notably, while there are some Americans that take it as a positive thing many more are scared by what it portends especially those who have lost their jobs to foreigners. According to Howard, in the article â€Å"Globalization is an anomaly and its time is running out,† China hosts very many of American china stores and myriad firms all are taking advantage of the cheap labor and raw materials. However, should China involve itself in search for oil from its Arabian neighbors there is potential for conflict? In such a case, America and China may be embroiled in an international row and this might force the investments in America to be closed down (Howard). Furthermore, due to political instability in many developing companies, outsourcing might mean risking losing the investment in the time of riots or civil wars and the economy back home would suffer directly as a result of a conflict in which America is neutral. Outsourcing is a two-sided sword, effectively cutting both parties in the arrangement, in America; there are several financial gains especially for the firms involved. They get to form international networks thanks to globalization, obtain cheap labor, wide market and finally they are paying very little tax since some of the countries in which they outsource give foreign investors tax breaks to encourage them and other multinationals to invest therein. In this paper, the issue of outsourcing will be examined closely in order to support, through argument, the position that outsourcing is doing more harm than good to the American economy. Outsourcing carries a myriad of negative financial implication for America; one of these is that it greatly contributes to unemployment in the USA. It is predicted that 949 million will be lost because of outsourcing annually. These losses are not purely business by a huge fraction of it represents lost wages, to Americans, whose former employers have decamped so they can hire cheaper labor.  

Properties Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

Properties Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program, and distributed programming is the process of writing such programs. Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems. In distributed computing, a problem is divided into many tasks, each of which is solved by one computer The word distributed in terms such as distributed system, distributed programming, and distributed algorithm originally referred to computer networks where individual computers were physically distributed within some geographical area. The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense, even referring to autonomous processes that run on the same physical computer and interact with each other by message passing. While there is no single definition of a distributed system, the following defining properties are commonly used: There are several autonomous computational entities, each of which has its own local memory. The entities communicate with each other by message passing. A distributed system may have a common goal, such as solving a large computational problem. Alternatively, each computer may have its own user with individual needs, and the purpose of the distributed system is to coordinate the use of shared resources or provide communication services to the users. Other typical properties of distributed systems include: The system has to tolerate failures in individual computers. The structure of the system (network topology, network latency, number of computers) is not known in advance, the system may consist of different kinds of computers and network links, and the system may change during the execution of a distributed program. Each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system. Each computer may know only one part of the input. PROPERTIES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS So far the focus has been on designing a distributed system that solves a given problem. A complementary research problem is studying the properties of a given distributed system. The halting problem is an analogous example from the field of centralised computation: we are given a computer program and the task is to decide whether it halts or runs forever. The halting problem is undecidable in the general case, and naturally understanding the behaviour of a computer network is at least as hard as understanding the behaviour of one computer. However, there are many interesting special cases that are decidable. In particular, it is possible to reason about the behaviour of a network of finite-state machines. One example is telling whether a given network of interacting (asynchronous and non-deterministic) finite-state machines can reach a deadlock. This problem is PSPACE-complete,[39] i.e., it is decidable, but it is not likely that there is an efficient (centralised, parallel or distributed) algorithm that solves the problem in the case of large networks. SECURITY ISSUES IN ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS In the contemporary society, distributed systems have a significant impact on how communication between social, industrial and governmental institutions is achieved. Dealing with the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamics of distributed systems is absolutely among the main concerns of the software industry. In the Internet era, the distribution of information and services on different sites is a common and dominant scenario. Hence, accessing information and services on remote sites requires high-level of system quality: acceptable response time (at least à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"near real-timeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ); and security mechanisms. These aspects require inherent adaptation of the system to changes in the environment. In the case of ADSs, the challenge to maintain system quality is even greater. In general, security issues in distributed information systems, whether adaptive or not, is already a serious concern. There are many types of threats, among them those occurring during communication and those in the form of unauthorized attempts to access stored information. Solutions proposed to address these problems in distributed systems may contribute to the implementation of security mechanisms in ADSs. On the other hand, if a token ring is used to achieve mutual exclusion in data communication, then a loss of token might be a result of unauthorized monitoring of the token, which is a direct consequence of the distributed system being adaptive and having monitoring component. Moreover, data resubmission might be requested by authorized parties that couldnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t receive the data. Such a request might also come from malicious intruders that are requesting resubmission of data to get a copy. The kind of environmental changes that can be monitored in ADSs include, but are not limited to, processor and link failures, changes in communication patterns and frequency, changes in failure rates, and changed application requirements. Security metrics indicate the degree to which security goals such as data confidentiality are being met, they propose actions that should be taken to improve the overall security program, and identify the level of risks in not taking a given action and hence provide guidance in prioritizing the actions. They also indicate the effectiveness of various components of a security program. Developing effective security metrics programs has proven to be very challenging. A number of factors have contributed to this collecting the necessary data is difficult and there are no well-established and standardized guidelines. Swanson et al. (2003) identified elements that must be considered in defining effective security metrics, metrics must yield quantifiable information, supporting data must be readily obtainable, only repeatable processes should be considered for measurement, and metrics must enable tracking of performance. Voas et al. (1996) propose a security assessment methodology, called a daptive vulnerability analysis (AVA), which provides a relative measure of software security. The methodology is based on measurement of security weaknesses in terms of predetermined set of threats that are frequently encountered. The resulting metrics may vary with different set of threats and hence the methodology is called adaptive. Its major advantages include, among others, its ability to be customized to application-specific classes of intrusions and the fact that it measures dynamic run-time information. The fact that it is based on a predetermined set of threats is among the major limitations of AVA. Payne (2001) proposes a guideline that should be closely followed in the development a security metrics program. The guideline consists of several steps: clear definition of security goals and objective, decision about what metrics to generate and strategies for generating them; create action plan, and establish a formal program review cycle. Following this guidance enables us to clarify the why, what and how of developing security metrics. In the sequel, we focus on the metrics that should be generated to quantify the level of security threats that could be caused due to monitoring of a target system to achieve the level of adaptation necessary to maintain quality of services. ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Distributed systems that can evolve their behaviors based on changes in their environments are known as Adaptive Distributed Systems (ADSs). Adaptation usually takes place on different sites in a distributed system and needs to be coordinated. Adaptive systems monitor and evaluate their environments and can adapt their own behaviors when there is a change in the environment. On the other hand, adaptive behavior is the field of science where the underlying mechanisms of adaptive behavior of animals, software agents, robots and other adaptive systems are investigated into. The results from adaptive behavior research are exploited for building artificially intelligent adaptive systems. In this case, we envision distributed systems within the context of artificially intelligent adaptive systems and we therefore believe that the research progress in adaptive behavior will affect the research in ADSs. That is, monitoring, change detection and behavior adaptation components of an adaptive distributed system will become more intelligent in time. An ADS better knows what is happening in its environment by detecting and evaluating the changes in the environments and adjusting their actions to the changes more intelligently. However, the more intelligent and adaptive a distributed system becomes through its monitoring and other components, the more risky it becomes that the intruders act more severely in a distributed environment if the monitoring component is overtaken by them. In the following paragraphs, we are giving a brief survey on ADSs. Leonhardt et al. (1998) indicate that security is an issue that appears where activity is being tracked, namely by the monitoring system they have proposed. For that reason, in this work, we look into the levels of knowledge a monitoring system might eventually have about its environment while becoming more adaptive, and whether the level of knowledge and the properties of the knowledge being monitored would cause any security issues compared to the distributed systems which are not adaptive. Russello et al. (2005) described how adaptation is done for dynamical replication for managing availability in a shared data space. The idea is that if replication is require d, the middleware should offer mechanisms that would allow the application developer to select from different replication policies that can be subsequently enforced at runtime. There is an adaptation subsystem where the environment conditions are monitored. It is detected when to switch to another replication policy automatically. The execution environment conditions which are monitored are cost of communication latency and bandwidth, especially when external monitoring subsystem is used. Silva et al. (2002) developed a generic framework for the construction of ADSs. The model is composed of three main packages. In the monitoring package, system specific parameters, such as processor utilization, in the various hosts of the distributed system are monitored. This package informs the event detection and notification package whenever values of such parameters change significantly. In addition to this, interceptors as used in the CORBA distributed system standards are inserted into the object invocation path. Each time a client invokes a method of an object, the message corresponding to this invocation is intercepted and later re-dispatched to the target object . Using interceptors, the system can extract useful information from each method invocation storing it in a log file for analysis by the event detection and notification package. On the other hand, dynamic configuration package, depending on the type of the event, executes the appropriate algorithm that defines actions that should be taken in order to adapt the application to the new environment condition. As stated in (Al-Shaer 1998), monitoring system can be used to detect and report security violations such as illegal logins or attempts of unauthorized access to files. On the contrary, we argue that if the monitoring subsystem is overtaken by an intruder, the monitoring system can also be used for causing security violations once an intruder has knowledge about login information and file authorizations to be able to report illegal logins and attempts of unauthorized access to resources.

Procedure for Protecting Clients Patients and Colleagues from Harm Essay

The Mayor’s role as the executive of the strategic authority for London is to promote economic development and wealth creation, social development, and the improvement of the environment. The Mayor also has a number of other duties in relation to culture and tourism, including responsibility for Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square. The Mayor has a range of specific powers and duties, and a general power to do anything that will promote economic and social development, and environmental improvement, in London. Before using many of his powers the Mayor must consult with Londoners, and in all cases, the Mayor must promote equality of opportunity. The Greater London Authority Act 2007 supplemented and updated the GLA Act 1999 and granted some additional powers to the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The Mayor sets out plans and policies for London covering transport, planning and development, housing, economic development and regeneration, culture, health inequalities, and a range of environmental issues including climate change, biodiversity, ambient noise, waste disposal and air quality. These individual plans fit together to help deliver the Mayor’s policies. Between them, these plans must also contribute to sustainable development and thehealth of Londoners. The mayor of London has been accused of failing to deliver on a range of climate change policies during his four-year term in office, as new figures reveal he has spent just half of an  £84m green budget. London’s Green Party assembly member Darren Johnson today revealed that Boris Johnson will have underspent on environmental policies every year since being elected mayor in May 2008, meaning he has used  £40m of a total  £84m budget. But Jones said the mayor ditched the 2012 target because he had â€Å"blown the budget† by investing in eight new hop-on-hop-off Routemaster buses, at a cost of  £11.37m. â€Å"I think his new vanity bus has blown the budget for ensuring all buses are hybrids,† she said. â€Å"Instead of eight prototype buses, we could have had another 96 low-polluting hybrids on our roads. Pound for pound this is a bad deal for London’s environment.† The GLA Act 1999 gives the Mayor responsibility to produce a Municipal Waste Management Strategy for London. London’s Wasted Resource, the first draft strategy for consultation with the London Assembly and functional bodies, was launched on 18 January 2010. A second draft will be published for public consultation in summer 2010, and the final strategy will be published in late 2010/early 2011.

Ethics Of Working With Adolescents - 1633 Words

Ethics of working with adolescents is not simply a response to their conflicts and dilemmas. It involves a complex deliberation of the legal context, as well as the ethical framework, that guides the practice of a healthcare practitioner (Michaud, Berg-Kelly, Macfarlane, Benaroyo, 2010). Ethical considerations for an adolescent include the important components of duty of care, confidentiality, consent, and mandatory reporting (Sigman, Silber, English, Epner, 1997). Sustainable service collaboration between various service providers is essential to provide holistic health and social service (Beadle, 2009). Multiagency work is at the core of providing comprehensive and integrated support services to young people especially those with multidimensional and co morbid issues (Ogenchuk, Sputt, Bally, 2013). Bruun and Hynan (2006) emphasise the need for ‘effective, client-centred, relationship-based practice’ for positive health and wellbeing outcomes in this young group (p. 19). Challenge Identified In my professional capacity as a psychotherapist in private practice, as pointed out in the case study of Amy, working with vulnerable young people is fraught with challenges. My ethical tension surfaced again when Amy shared some of her presenting issues especially surrounding sexuality, sexual abuse and abortion. These topics are rarely discussed openly in muslim communities and a taboo topic at best in most Asian cultures. An important study conducted by Sawleshwarkar etShow MoreRelatedDeveloping An Alternative Punishment For Adolescents1345 Words   |  6 Pagesalternative punishment for adolescents can be considered as a positive opportunity for the treating adolescent, society, community and the criminal justice field. Ethics helps management differentiate what is considered right or wrong within the management and the process implemented for the treating adolescents. There are many branches considered within the study of ethics. Metaethics can be consid ered as the language, methods, logic structure, or reasoning when interpretation ethic terms. IdentifyingRead MoreEthics Code1617 Words   |  7 Pages The Ethics Code is intended to support us in differentiating between suitable and deplorable behavior in regards to all individuals. When working with adolescents and children, the guidelines become a little more ambiguous. Adolescents require consent from a legal guardian in most cases to seek treatment, but confidentiality permits some information discussed from being released to the parent that requested the treatment. When working with youth the primary focus can include not only theRead MoreThe Need For Proper Crisis Intervention Is Essential For The Healthy Functioning Of The Individual984 Words   |  4 Pagesunit (Kanel, 2014). When working with an adolescent client who is presenting the signs of illicit drug use, it is always a good idea to explore the family dynamics. Adam being only 15 years old is still in the transitional stage where his actions are still closely linked to his family of origin. Teens are often dealing with the conflicts of wanting to be independent from their parents, yet realizing their parents are providing for many of their wants and needs. Adolescents like Adam often find peersRead MoreAdolescence, in modern society is the transition from childhood to adulthood. Known as a time of600 Words   |  3 PagesDuring this process, both boys and girls undergo an adolescent growth spurt that typically begins about two years earlier in girls than in boy. The principals signs of sexual maturity that end the puberty are the spermache, for boy, occurring between the ages of 10 to 13.5, the menarche, for girls, occurring between the ages of 9 to 15, also accompanied with the development of se xual organs. In addition of those previous changes, the adolescent’ brain also undergo significant structural changes forRead MoreQuestions Of Ethics: Mental Disorders698 Words   |  3 PagesResearch: Questions of ethics One of the most serious ethical grey areas arises when conducting research upon individuals with serious mental disorders. First and foremost, their ability to give consent may be in doubt. Coupled with the fact that the subjects in question are underage and may be in physically unstable conditions, the questions of ethical consent grow even dicier. This is the challenge faced by researchers conducting scientific studies of treatments that could be useful for patientsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) And A Family Systems Approach1242 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast an individual approach involving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a family systems approach. Definitions and descriptions of studies involving both approaches will be provided, and a comparison will be made. Finally, a discussion of the ethics of both studies will be discussed. Two Approaches to Treatment Individual Approach: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT CBT is defined as a form of mental health based counseling, focusing on errors of cognition and perception. It usually involvesRead MoreResearch Regarding Children And Adolescents Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesResearch regarding children and adolescents have raised a series of ethical concerns in the ethical community. Front and foremost and confidentiality and when to breach confidentiality the third parties involved in risky behaviors from adolescence. Confidentiality is a non-absolute importance in the counseling and psychology practice because of the knowledge when and when not to breeze confidentiality still considering the legal and ethical obligation, most professional counselors if I colleges ourRead MoreThe American Counseling Association Is The Resource That Can Help Your Development As A Future Counselor779 Words   |  4 Pagesfacilitate my development as a future counselor. After I get my LCPC in the state of Maryland, I want to counsel children and adolescents with severe psychological trauma. The ACA website has an entire section on ‘trauma and disaster’ for children through adolescents. The American Counseling Association’s fact sheets provides various symptoms for children and adolescents that are experiencing trauma. According to the American Counseling Association’s Traumatology Interest Network and facilitatorRead MoreThe Ethical Problems Of The Models Of Autonomy And Discipleship1393 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Ethical problems present conflicts of the models of autonomy and beneficence. Adolescents as well as minors present a particular complication, which is struggling with autonomy. Healthcare providers are torn between their own moral codes that may lack consistency in their actions and opinions. The prescription or act of seeking out contraception or birth control is taken as an example of a common ethical dilemma. According to Duvall, â€Å"Adolescence is a complicated period of emotionalRead MoreObservational Ratings Of Therapist Interventions1268 Words   |  6 PagesExternalizing (delinquent and aggressive) and Internalizing (withdrawn, anxious/depressed, somatic complaints) symptoms.† Lastly, the Family Environment Cohesion and Conflict subscales which is a self-report measure that is completed separately by both the adolescent and the parents. It is a 90 true or false questionnaire regarding family home life. Following a set of core principles as a general rule of thumb could better assist clinicians in performing an intervention as extensive as MDFT, which is