Management and Study Unit - 41775 Words

COVER UNISA CENTRE FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IN PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PPSM026 i  © 2011 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria Author: Ms Irma Fourie PPSM026/1/2011-2013 ii PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT (PPSM026) CONTENTS TOPIC 1: THE PURCHASING FUNCTION: AN OVERVIEW The purchasing function in perspective The task of purchasing and supply management Purchasing processes and procedures Study unit 1: Study unit 2: Study unit 3: TOPIC 2: MANAGING THE SUPPLY BASE Purchasing and supply strategy and policies Evaluation and selection of suppliers Study unit 4:†¦show more content†¦2011. Purchasing and supply management. 6th edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik. The study guide divides the syllabus into topics, which, in turn, are divided into study units. Each study unit contains aims and outcomes, as well activities that you can do to test your knowledge of and insight into small chunks of the study material that you have studied. Assessment questions are provided at the end of each study unit. EXPLANATION OF CONCEPTS TOPIC: This is a section of the work that contains a major component of the tutorial matter for the module. Each TOPIC comprises one or more study units. STUDY UNIT: This represents an identifiable portion of a TOPIC. A STUDY UNIT is based on one chapter in the prescribed book. Each study unit has a broad aim and learning outcomes, which indicate what you should have learnt by the end of your learning experience. THE SYLLABUS The syllabus for the module in Purchasing and Supply Management is divided into thre e topics and nine study units. Each study unit covers one of the chapters in the prescribed book. Topic 1 provides an overview of the purchasing management function by putting the purchasing function and other supply approaches in perspective, investigating the essentials of the management task of purchasing and supply management vi (including purchasing planning, coordination and performance evaluation of the purchasing function), and examining the activities (includingShow MoreRelatedManagement and Study Unit41787 Words   |  168 PagesBUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME IN PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE 2 PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PPSM026 i  © 2011 University of South Africa All rights reserved Printed and published by the University of South Africa Muckleneuk, Pretoria Author: Ms Irma Fourie PPSM026/1/2011-2013 ii PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT (PPSM026) CONTENTS TOPIC 1: THE PURCHASING FUNCTION: AN OVERVIEW The purchasing function in perspective The task of purchasing and supply management PurchasingRead MoreA Short Note On Alarm Fatigue And Alarm Management993 Words   |  4 PagesAssumption and Limitations The assumption of this study is that one methodology of educating the registered nurses to alarm fatigue and alarm management will be more effective over the other in reducing the number of false and non-actionable alarms. 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Discovered Biological Functions Of Rna Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(65) " alliance with regard to the chosen nonsubjective map \[ 25 \] \." Recently, the figure of ascertained biological maps of RNA has been increasing. In add-on, the range has been expanded, and therefore RNA is non merely a inactive courier of familial information from Deoxyribonucleic acid to proteins makers as had been thought earlier. It has been found that RNA plays of import functions in all of molecular biological science such as transporting familial information ( messenger RNA ) , construing the codification ( ribosomal RNA ) , and reassigning familial codification ( transfer RNA ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Discovered Biological Functions Of Rna Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It besides performs different maps which include: catalyzing chemical reactions [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , directing the site specific alteration of RNA bases, commanding cistron look, modulating protein look and helping in protein localisation [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . The map of RNA molecules determine many diseases caused by RNA viruses. Identifying the secondary construction of RNA molecules is the cardinal key to understand its biological map [ 5 ] . The RNA construction anticipation methods, is tremendously affected by the quality of alignment [ 6 ] . MSA significantly improves the de novo anticipation truth of proteins or RNAs structures [ 7 ] . For illustration, current RNA secondary construction anticipation methods utilizing aligned sequences is win in deriving higher anticipation truth than those utilizing individual sequence [ 8 ] . Multiple sequence alliance ( MSA ) has become widely used in many different countries in bioinformatics. Multiple alliances are present in most of the computational method used in molecular development to assist happening sequences household, predict the secondary or third construction of new sequences, RNA folding, cistron ordinance and polymerase concatenation reaction primer design [ 9 ] , foretelling maps, predict patient ‘s diseases by comparing DNAs of patients in disease find. MSA is the most natural manner to see the relation between sequences by doing an alliance between the primary sequences so that indistinguishable or similar residues will be aligned in columns. That is why this method is so called multiple sequence alliance ( MSA ) . At kernel, all widely MSA tools used to better the alignment quality of initial alliance [ 10 ] . The sequence alliance job can be considered as an optimisation job in which the aim is to maximise a marking map [ 11 ] . One chief challenge with MSA is how to gauge the quality of computer-aligned sequences. An nonsubjective map ( OF ) is required in the optimisation processes to happen the optimum alliance. The pick of nonsubjective map is critically of import in obtaining high quality alliances [ 12 ] . In add-on, OF acts an indispensable function in optimisation algorithms whereby there is a relation between the alliance mark with the mark computed by the alignment quality. MSA optimisation job is NP-complete [ 13-15 ] , which motivates, the research for heuristics [ 16 ] . Over the last decennary, the evolutionary and meta-heuristic are the recent attacks to work out the optimisation job. Consequently, most of practical MSA algorithms are based on heuristics to obtain moderately accurate MSA within moderate computational clip and normally produce quasi-optimal alliance. Many researches solve MSA job as optimisation job by utilizing familial algorithm [ 17, 18 ] , Particle Swarm [ 11 ] , ant settlement [ 19 ] , and Simulated tempering [ 20 ] . MSA job can be resolve as optimisation job based on harmoniousness hunt algorithm [ 21 ] to maximise the nonsubjective map and happen the optimum alliance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and examined the correlativity of different nonsubjective maps utilizing standard sets of RNA datasets. The most straightforward OF is the sum-of-pairs ( SP ) score [ 3 ] , weight sum-of-pair [ ] , java [ 22 ] , Xstate [ ] and NorMD [ 23 ] . This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduce the multiple sequence alliance job. Section 3 explains the different nonsubjective map from the state-of-the-art. Section 4 explains the proposed methodological analysis. The rating and analysis methodological analysis that is used to measure our comparing is explained in Section 5. Last, Section 6 provides the decision and sum-up of the paper. 2.0 Multiple Sequence Alliance A sequence is an ordered list of symbols from a set of alphabet S ( 20 amino acids for protein and 4 bases for RNA/DNA ) . In bioinformatics, a RNA sequence is written as s = AUUUCUGUAA. It is a twine over the set S of bases symbols Adenine ( A ) , Cytosine ( C ) , Guanine ( G ) and Uracil ( U ) : S = [ A, C, G, U ] . Alignment is a method to set up the sequences one over the other in a manner to demo the matching and mismatching between residues. A column, which has lucifer residues, shows no mutant is go oning. Whereas, the column with mismatch symbols shows that several mutant events are go oning. To better the alliance mark, the character â€Å" – † is used to match to a infinite introduced in the sequence. This infinite is normally called a spread. The spread is viewed as interpolation in one sequence and omission in the other. A mark is used to mensurate the alliance public presentation. The highest mark one is the best alliance. For lucidity ‘s interest, the generic MSA job is expressed with the following declaration: â€Å" Insert spreads within a given set of sequences in order to maximise a similarity standard † [ 24 ] . The MSA job can be divided into three troubles, which are scalability, optimisation, and nonsubjective map. Finding an accurate MSA from sequences is really hard. It is a clip consuming and computationally NP-hard job [ 13-15 ] . In fact, that complexness comes from that all three jobs must be solved at the same time. The first job is the scalability, which is to happen the alliance of many long sequences. The 2nd job is the optimisation, which is to happen the alliance with the highest mark based on a given nonsubjective map among sequences. Optimization of even a simple nonsubjective map is an NP-hard job. The 3rd job is the nonsubjective map ( OF ) , which is to rush up the computation in order to mensurate the alliance. Most modern plans for building multiple sequence alliances ( MSAs ) consist of two constituents: an nonsubjective map for measuring the quality of a candidate alliance of a set of input sequences, and an optimisation process for placing the highest scoring alliance with regard to the chosen nonsubjective map [ 25 ] . You read "Discovered Biological Functions Of Rna Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" 3.0 Objective maps Aligning multiple sequences is a extremely non-trivial undertaking ( in both a biological and computational sense ) whose truth in pattern depends mostly on the pick of input sequences, the cost ( or aim ) map, and the heuristics employed [ 26 ] . An of import facet of alliance mark is to set up how meaningful a given multiple alliance is. This is to find whether the aligned sequences are in fact optimum and to gauge the mark of the alliance in which there is no anterior cognition of the mention alliance. Objective map is the psyche of iterative algorithms in the sense that it determines the campaigner move to be taken to better the solution quality. In multiple sequence alliance, nonsubjective map Acts of the Apostless as the cardinal factor to command the development of an alliance into a mature one. Using optimisation algorithm to work out any job requires delegating a fittingness map. In harmony hunt algorithm, this map evaluates and ranks harmoniousnesss in the harmoniousness memory harmonizing to their tonss. Harmonies that ain good alliance mark in the harmoniousness memory are retained. In this subdivision different nonsubjective maps are studied. The pick of nonsubjective map is strictly a biological job that lies in the definition of rightness. A mathematical map able to mensurate an alignment biological quality that defines a right alliance and its expected belongingss is called nonsubjective map ( OF ) . Given a perfect map, the mathematically optimum alliance assumes to be biologically optimum. While the map defines a mathematical optimum, it is seldom that this optimum will besides be biologically optimum [ 25 ] . There are different nonsubjective maps to hit the quality of the alliance, viz. sum-of-pairs, leaden sum-of-pairs, and NorMD [ 23 ] , MstatX, amd COFFEE [ 22 ] . They are used in optimizing and iterative alliance methods to better the alliance by seeking to maximise the nonsubjective map [ 27 ] . 3.0.1 sum-of-pairs Presently sum-of-pairs nonsubjective map is most widely used [ 28 ] . Carrillo and Lipman [ 29 ] foremost introduced the sum-of-pairs ( SP ) mark map, which defines the tonss of a multiple alliance of N sequences as the amount of the tonss of the N ( N-1 ) /2 pairwise alliances [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . Although SP mark map has been widely used to measure MSA, it does n’t truly supply any biological or probabilistic justification [ 30 ] . Each sequence is scored as if it is descended from the N-1 other sequences alternatively of a individual ascendant. As a consequence, evolutionary events are frequently overestimated. The job worsens as the figure of sequences additions [ 30 ] the sum-of-pairs ( SP ) mark described in [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 33 ] is used to cipher the nonsubjective map ( OF ) where there is no anterior cognition of the mention alliance. The general signifier of OF mark of alignment n sequences consist of m columns is OF = . Where is the similarity mark of the column myocardial infarction, is the spread punishment of the column myocardial infarction and is the sequence length. The similarity mark of the column myocardial infarction can be measured by the sum-of-pairs ( SP ) . The SP-score S ( myocardial infarction ) for the i-th column myocardial infarction is calculated as follows: S ( myocardial infarction ) = , ( ) where is the j-th row in the i-th column. For alining two residues x and y, the permutation matrix s ( x, y ) is used to gives the similarity mark. 3.0.2 Weighted sum-of-pairs The leaden sum-of-pairs ( WSP ) score [ 28 ] , [ 34 ] is an extension of SP mark so that each pairwise alliance mark otherwise contributes to the whole mark. A leaden SP mark map has been proposed in the manner to reflect the relationships between the sequences. The rule is to give a cost to each brace of aligned residues in each column of the alliance ( permutation cost ) , and another cost to the spreads ( spread cost ) . These are added to give the planetary cost of the alliance. Furthermore, each brace of sequences is given a weight related to their similarity to other braces. The WSP calculates a entire mark from the leaden pairwise mark of all the sequences. The undermentioned figure shows the mathematical preparation of the leaden SP mark map. WSP ( A ) = ( ) Where N is the figure of sequences, k the length of aligned sequences, is the weight given to a brace of sequences, and is the similarity cost of two symbol sequence ( ) . The cost map included spread gap and extension punishments for gap and widening spreads. The weight of pairwise aligned sequences may be proportionately score [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] harmonizing to the sum of alone information enclosed in the sequence. These weights try to diminish the influence of excess information from strongly related sequences. A weight represents a per centum equal to a per centum individuality ( PID ) calculated over each brace of aligned sequences [ 24 ] as follows ( excepting spreads ) : PID = ( ) 3.0.3 Normalized Mean Distance normalized mean distance ( NorMD ) [ 23 ] is a normalized mean distance ( MD ) mark measures the normalized mean distance between the similarities of the residue braces at each alliance column, introduce in ClustalX, between similarities of residue braces at each alignment column. A mark for each column in the alliance is calculated utilizing the construct of uninterrupted sequence infinite introduced by [ 37 ] and the column tonss are so summed over the full length of the alliance. NorMD take into history the sequence information, such as the figure, length and similarity of the sequences to be aligned. NorMD is used in RASCAL [ 38 ] and AQUA [ 39 ] . 3.0.4 Consistency mark Consistency-based nonsubjective maps focus on improved marking of lucifers in early alliances by integrating information from of pairwise alliance. This consistence construct was originally introduced by Gotoh [ 40 ] and subsequently refined by Vingron and Argos [ 41 ] . Kececioglu [ 42 ] reformulated this job as a maximal weight hint ( MWT ) job. It was further expanded by Morgenstern [ 43 ] who proposed the first heuristic to work out this job for big cases. Consistency-based marking is used in T-Coffee [ 44 ] , MAFFT [ 45 ] , and Align-m [ 46 ] algorithms. The COFFEE [ 22 ] is a consistency-based which step optimized the figure of aligned residues that were besides aligned in planetary pairwise alliances of the same sequences. Coffee nonsubjective map which evaluates the consistence between a multiple sequence alliance and a antecedently defined library of pair-wise alliances. COFFEE required two constituents: ( I ) a set of pairwise mention alliance by utilizing any method for doing pairwise alliances, ( two ) the OF that evaluate the consistence between a multiple alliance and the pairwise alliances contain in the library. COFFEE plants by first bring forthing the pairwise library of the sequences in the alliance and so calculates the degree of individuality between the current multiple alliance and the pairwise library. COFFEE is non using excess spread punishments so that, it is non sensitive to the permutation tonss of amino acids, the mark is normalized, and the cost of similar braces is place dependent. Coffee is reflect the deg ree of consistence between a multiple sequence alliance and a library containing pairwise alliances of the same sequences. The planetary mark mensurating the quality of the alliance is computed by the undermentioned expression. Coffee mark = ( ) where Len is the length of the MSA ; Aij is the pairwise projection of sequences Si and Sj obtained from the MSA ; Wij is the per centum individuality between the two aligned sequences Si and Sj ; is the figure of residues braces that are shared between Aij and the pairwise. In add-on, utilizing chance in consistence leads to a alleged chance consistency. This hiting map is introduced in ProbCons [ 47 ] . It assigns position-specific permutation tonss based on a step of expected truth derived from a concealed Markov theoretical account. This thought is implemented and extended in the PECAN [ 48 ] , MUMMALS [ 49 ] , PROMALS [ 50 ] , ProbAlign [ 51 ] , ProDA [ 52 ] , and PicXAA [ 53 ] plans. 3.0.5 POsition-Specific and consIstency-based nonsubjective function ( POSITION ) POSITION [ 54, 55 ] is based on the consistence, it calculates the degree of individuality between the current multiple alliance and the pairwise library. The hiting map for POSITION is shown as under in Eq. ( 5 ) . POSITION = ( 5 ) where N is the figure of the sequences ; Aijl is the brace of residues at index cubic decimeter of the pairwise projection of sequences Si and Sj ; and Occurrence ( Aijl ) is a 0-1 binomial map of whether brace Aijl occurs in the pairwise library. W ( Aijl ) is the weight of Aijl and is assigned to the mean similarity of residue braces around index l. This is an attempt to specify the weight harmonizing to contextual information of residue braces. 3.0.6 MaxZ MaxZ is a statistical alliance quality mark introduced in [ 56 ] which first quantifies the grade of preservation at each alignment place and so counts the figure of significantly conserved places over the alliance. It used Zscore for mensurating the grade of preservation that is based on profile analysis [ 57 ] Then, by utilizing the importance trying method [ Using the SIR algorithm to imitate posterior distributions. ] , the statistical significance of an observed mark value is calculated. In footings of positional significance degrees, the full alliance mark is calculated. 3.0.7 MstatX MstatX calculates the trident statistic of each column in the multiple sequences alliance. Then by stipulate the statistic with the flag options. It can gives many different statistical steps on columns of a multiple alliance like Shannon information, frequence counts, spread counts, and more sophisticated marking. The default statistic is a weighted-entropy which means a Shannon information based on chances computed with the sequence burdening strategy defined by [ 58 ] . Statisticss proposed in MstatX is based on [ 59 ] and [ 60 ] . 3.0.8 Maximal expected truth ( MEA ) Maximal expected truth ( MEA ) [ 61 ] : The basic thought of MEA is to maximise the expected figure of â€Å" right † aligned residue braces [ 62 ] . It has been used in PRIME [ 63 ] , and ProbCons [ 47 ] algorithms. 3.0.9 Segment-to-segment nonsubjective map Segment-to-segment nonsubjective map: It is used by DIALIGN [ 64 ] to build an alliance through comparing of the whole sections of the sequences instead than the residue-to-residue comparing. 3.0.10 Profile mark Profile hiting map uses a marking map which is defined for a brace of profile places. In add-on to SP, MUSCLE [ 65 ] uses a new profile map which is called the log-expectation ( LE ) mark. Some of these nonsubjective maps integrated into other nonsubjective maps, each have its ain advantages and disadvantages. The nonsubjective map presently used in DIALIGN that is segment-to-segment nonsubjective map is flawed [ 66 ] . On the other manus T-Coffee is excessively memory demanding [ 12 ] . Sum-of-pairs is the most popular marking method because of its comparative velocity and hardiness. The velocity advantage is chiefly because the sum-of-pairs method does non necessitate a tree [ 67 ] . Some nonsubjective maps use permutations matrices whereas other used consistence construct by involve pairwise alliance. [ 68 ] disadvantage of these permutations matrices is that they are intended to rate the similarity between two sequences at a clip merely, and in order to widen them to multiple sequences, it is common to happen that they are scaled by adding up each pairwise similarity to obtain the mark for the multiple sequence alliance [ 5 ] . 4.0 Alignment Quality Q ( Quality ) is a quality map to gauge the comparing between the alliance and the mention alliance. Q mark is the figure of right aligned residue braces in the trial alliance divided by the figure of residue braces in the mention alliance. This has been termed as the developer mark [ 69 ] and SPS [ 31 ] . 5.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS Harmony hunt algorithm – which is out of range of this paper – is used to happen the optimal or a close optimum alliance harmonizing to the nonsubjective map. Given a perfect map, the mathematically optimum alliance will besides be biologically optimum. While the map defines a mathematical optimum, it is seldom have an statement that this optimum will besides be biologically optimum. two type of dataset are chosen ( I ) the subset of BRAliBase which are extremely variable and suited for local MSA ; ( two ) LocalEXtR, an extension of BRAliBase 2.1, consisting large-scale trial groups and patterned on BRAliBase 2.1 ; The series of experiments has been conducted in order to analyze the relationship of the corresponding nonsubjective map mark with the alignment quality. The experiment has been done in the term of correlativity coefficient between the nonsubjective map mark and the alignment quality mark in one side and the consuming clip in another side. First, the different nonsubjective maps are used as a fittingness map in HS algorithm and the relationship between them are studied. Second compare the quality tonss of 5 nonsubjective map utilizing database In pattern, it is hence ever recommended to utilize as many different methods. hence analysis did non curtail to merely a few of the best alignment methods but aimed to utilize as many methods as possible [ 12 ] . One of the primary challenges in sequence alliance is to happen a biologically meaningful nonsubjective map. A common pick of many alliance algorithms has been the ‘sum-of-pairs ‘ ( SP ) mark, which merely takes the amount of the tonss of all pairwise alliances in a given multiple alliance. To day of the month, there is no nonsubjective map that has been every bit good accepted for multiple alliances [ 70 ] as similarity has been for pairwise alliance. Alignment quality requires a mention alliance from database benchmark. The comparing is between the trial alliance and the mention alliance and it is called here alignment quality. Performance rating Two scenarios are done in different manner, The first scenarios, it uses an nonsubjective map in the HS Improvising procedure and analyze the relationship between the alliance mark with alignment quality for concluding alliance. This is repeated with all nonsubjective map. The motive for mark the alliance many times in every loop was the fact that alliances generated prior to the several iterative polish are frequently rather different from the concluding alliance [ 12 ] . Second scenarios, it measures alignment mark and alignment quality for the same alliance which is the concluding alliance by every nonsubjective maps individually. Alignment mark and its quality are compared for each alliance. This seneraio is to compare the consequence of different nonsubjective map on the same alliance These experiments to cognize how strong is the relation between them in each nonsubjective map individually. A comprehensive reappraisal of all methods will non be given here, but the common nonsubjective maps will be focus on. a. Harmony hunt algorithm Harmony hunt algorithm ( HS ) is developed by Geem [ 21 ] . HS is a meta-heuristic optimisation algorithm based on music. HS is imitating a squad of instrumentalists together seeking to seek the best province of harmoniousness. Each participant generates a sound based on one of three options ( memory consideration, pitch accommodation, and random choice ) . This is tantamount to happen the optimum solution in optimisation procedure. Geem et Al. [ 21 ] theoretical accounts HS constituents into three quantitative optimisation procedure as follows: first procedure, the Harmony memory ( HM ) : It used to maintain good harmoniousnesss. A harmoniousness from HM is selected indiscriminately based on the parametric quantity called harmony memory sing ( or accepting ) rate, HMCR ?„ [ 0,1 ] . It typically uses HMCR = 0.7 ~ 0.95. Second procedure, the pitch accommodation: it is similar to local hunt. It is used to bring forth a somewhat different solution from the HM depend on pitch-adjus ting rate ( PAR ) values. PAR control the grade of the accommodation by the pitch bandwidth ( brange ) . It normally uses PAR = 0.1~0.5 in most applications. Third procedure, the random choice: a new harmoniousness is generated indiscriminately to increase the diverseness of the solutions. The chance of randomisation is Prandom = 1- HMCR, and the existent chance of the pitch accommodation is Ppitch = HMCR A- PAR. The pseudo codification of the basic HS algorithm with these three constituents is summarized in Figure 1. Harmony Search Algorithm Get down Declare the nonsubjective map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) , ten = ( x1, x2, aˆÂ ¦ , xn ) Initialize the harmoniousness memory accepting rate ( HMCR ) Initialize pitch seting rate ( PAR ) and other parametric quantities Initialize Harmony Memory with random harmoniousnesss While ( t lt ; max figure of loops ) If ( rand lt ; HMCR ) , Choose a value from HM If ( rand lt ; PAR ) , Adjust the value by adding certain sum End if Else Choose a new random value End if End while Measure the solution by utilizing nonsubjective map Accept the new harmoniousness ( solution ) if better Update HM End while Find the current best solution in HM End Figure 1 Pseudo Code of the Harmony Search Algorithm [ 71 ] The HS algorithm has been applied to assorted optimisation jobs [ 72 ] that include Real-world applications, Computer scientific discipline jobs, Electrical technology jobs, Civil technology jobs, Mechanical technology jobs, and Bio A ; medical applications. B. Benchmark Dataset Three type of dataset are chosen ( I ) the subset of BRAliBase which are extremely variable and suited for local MSA ; ( two ) LocalEXtR, an extension of BRAliBase 2.1, consisting large-scale trial groups and patterned on BRAliBase 2.1 ; ( three ) Lset, a brace of large-scale trial sets representative of current biological job. The subset of the BRAliBase 2.1 are selected from the most variable dataset within the suite. They are from THI, Glycine riboswitch and Yybp-Tkoy RNA households, and contain 232 trial datasets. LocalExtR uses the same seed alliances from Rfam that BRAliBase uses and signifiers big trial groups. BRAliBase is label a trial group qi, where I is the figure of sequences for each trial set in the group. The tabular array ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) show the inside informations of the dataset and the description information about each trial set. Table 1: Trial Dataset Number of each Test Group trial Group gcvT Family THI Family yybp-ykoy Family BRALiBase 2.1 ( 232 datasets ) k5 22 69 33 k7 12 32 18 k10 3 17 12 k15 1 5 8 LocalExtR ( 90 datasets ) k20 10 10 10 k40 10 10 5 k60 10 10 0 k80 5 10 0 Entire 73 163 86 Table 2: Sequence length of each Test Group sequence length trial Group Avg. Min. BRALiBase 2.1 ( 232 datasets ) k5 109 96 k7 110 94 k10 108 94 k15 110 88 LocalExtR ( 90 datasets ) k20 115 90 k40 114 87 k60 107 81 k80 106 77 5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One chief challenge with MSA is how to gauge the quality of computer-aligned sequences. Therefore, an nonsubjective map ( OF ) is required in the optimisation processes. The pick of nonsubjective map and heuristics is critically of import in obtaining high quality alliances [ 12 ] . In add-on, OF acts an indispensable function in optimisation algorithms whereby the alliance is optimized against a mark computed by the OF [ 2 ] . The most straightforward OF is the sum-of-pairs ( SP ) score [ 3 ] , weight sum-of-pair [ ] , java [ 22 ] , Xstate [ ] and NorMD [ 23 ] . 5.1 Correlation between Objective maps Score and alignment quality Theoretically, an OF should ever give higher tonss for alliance with better quality [ ] . In world, nevertheless, since the nonsubjective map tonss and the alliance qualities are measured utilizing different standards, incompatibility happens. Correlation between alignment quality and different nonsubjective maps score were practiced on each experimental. Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) were so computed for each nonsubjective map and Q mark of the alignment quality. Two scenarios are performed to look into the correlativity the first one where utilizing the nonsubjective map as the HS Improvising procedure, the 2nd one where mark a concluding alliance by different nonsubjective maps. ( a ) First Scenario: utilizing the nonsubjective map in the generator procedure Five experiments are carried by utilizing an nonsubjective map and compared alignment mark with alignment quality in each experiment. Each experiment has been repeated 5 times for the same dataset and the norm is calculated. In this experiment, each nonsubjective map have been used individually as a fittingness map. Then, the correlativity of the nonsubjective map mark and the alignment quality mark is calculate utilizing the Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) . Each instance has been repeated 5 tallies for same dataset and calculated the norm for each nonsubjective map theoretical accounts. The figure of loop in each tally, is fixed in all the experimental in this experiment to 10,000. 322 trials set are used and their inside informations are summarized in Mistake: Reference beginning non found HS parametric quantities and others parametric quantities are setup to default puting for all nonsubjective map. Alliance Generator OF1 Alliance Mark |quality aˆÂ ¦ Alliance Generator OF2 Alliance Mark |quality aˆÂ ¦ In this experimental BHS-MSA is used to bring forth the alliance. Within the optimisation processes the nonsubjective map theoretical accounts, sum-of-pairs, weight sum-of-pair, java, Xstate and NorMD were used individually to give the good alliance quality. The concluding alliances were measured and evaluated by comparing with the mentions utilizing the rating map Quality ( Q ) and Entire column Score ( TC ) . The mean correlativity coefficient value of all dataset is listed and the spread secret plan graphs are listed as shown in Figure 2. shows the R indicated that the java and sum-of-pairs nonsubjective map has better positive correlativity with alignment quality than others does. The relation is positive that mean when the nonsubjective map is increase the alignment quality is increase this is clear shows in the Figure 3. Table 3: Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) of option Objective maps for scenario 1 SP WSP NorMD MstatX Coffee Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) 0.9216 0.7278 0.7613 0.8259 0.9642 fig 2 copy.jpg Figure 2: Scatter secret plan of alternate nonsubjective Functions for scenario 1 ( B ) Second Scenario: step a concluding alliance by different nonsubjective maps. In this experimental, 10 experiments are transporting out and alliance are bring forthing indiscriminately. Final alliance is measured by each nonsubjective map individually. Then, the correlativity of the nonsubjective map mark and the alignment quality mark is calculate utilizing the Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) [ 12 ] . This scenario is to back up the old 1. The correlativity on different nonsubjective map on alliances is study here by another manner where the nonsubjective maps are step the same alliance together and the relationship between the alliance mark with alignment quality are studied individually for each nonsubjective map. For ocular review, matching spread secret plans for all nonsubjective maps are presented. Alliance Generator OF1 Alliance Mark |quality aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ OF2 Mark |quality aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ HS and MSA parametric quantity are fixed to same values in all experimental. The mean correlativity coefficient value of all dataset is listed in Table 4 and the spread secret plan graphs are shown in Figure aˆZ3 Table4 shows the R indicated that the java and sum-of-pairs nonsubjective map has better positive correlativity with alignment quality than others does. The relation is positive that mean when the nonsubjective map is increase the alignment quality is increase this is clear shows in the Figure aˆZ3 Table 4: Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) of option Objective maps for scenario two sum-of-pairs ( R ) wsop ( R ) NorMD ( R ) Xstat ( R ) Coffee ( R ) Correlation coefficients ( R2 ) 0.8319 0.7558 0.6762 0.8028 0.9494 fig 3 copy.jpg Figure aˆZ3: Scatter secret plans of alternate nonsubjective maps for scenario two 5.2 Study of Coffee and SP Objective maps based on clip cost Objective map is the most computationally time-consuming constituent of MSA alliance method. The clip complexness of calculating an nonsubjective mark additions linearly with length of alliance and the figure of sequences. Figure aˆZ shows that increasing the sequence figure lead to increase the clip cost for calculate the nonsubjective map for the java and SP nonsubjective maps. Table5: Time cost of each Test Group Test Group No. of Seqs. sequence length Avg. Time Avg. min soap SP BRALiBase 2.1 ( 232 datasets ) k5 5 109 96 125 0.16 k7 7 110 94 131 0.32 k10 10 108 94 129 0.66 k15 15 110 88 137 1.60 LocalExtR ( 90 datasets ) k20 20 115 90 172 3.52 k40 40 114 87 180 16.96 k60 60 107 81 189 42.72 k80 80 106 77 204 88.01 Based on the correlativity shown in 4, the correlativity between the alliances hiting and the alignment quality utilizing the COFFEE nonsubjective map and sum-of-pairs were better than those found utilizing the NorMd, MstatX, and WSP nonsubjective maps. Coffee and sum-of-pairs nonsubjective maps have the highest correlativity. Based on the clip cost shown in Table5: Time cost of each Test Group and figure 4, the cost clip used by sum-of-pairs is better than java nonsubjective map for all trial groups. Figure aˆZ4: Coffee and SPS Objective map clip 6.0 Decision The alliance of multiple sequences remains a challenging job today. Here, we do non discourse possible schemes to better alliance quality, but alternatively concentrate on the maps used to measure the quality of completed alliances. The relationship of the alliance mark and alignment quality of different nonsubjective map is the aim of this paper. It is recommended to run several maps and compare their consequences to happen the most suitable one. The consequence shows that the correlativity between the alliances tonss and the alignment quality utilizing the COFFEE nonsubjective map and sum-of-pairs were better than those found utilizing the NorMd, MstatX, and WSP nonsubjective maps. Coffee and sum-of-pairs nonsubjective maps have the highest correlativity. It besides shows that the alliance marking by sum-of-pairs is better than java nonsubjective map for all trial groups in footings of consuming clip The tonss produced by sum-of-pairs and java are better correlated to the existent alliance truths than tonss produced by other methods. 7.0 Recognition The writers would wish to appreciate the School of Computer Sciences every bit good as University Science Malaysia for their installations and aid. The writers are appreciative of the attempts of the referees for their helpful remarks. How to cite Discovered Biological Functions Of Rna Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Nebosh Igc Questions and Answers 1998-2005 free essay sample

Most candidates coped reasonably well with part (ii) by describing circumstances such as insecure and unstable loads, manoeuvring with the load elevated, colliding with kerbs and other obstructions, cornering at speed, braking harshly, driving on uneven or soft ground, and mechanical failure. Those who gained high marks for this part tended to be those who adopted a structured approach and considered the load, the environment and the vehicle itself. Part (iii) was generally well answered with candidates outlining methods of segregating pedestrians from vehicles by the use of barriers, defined traffic routes and one-way systems. They also took into account training and supervision of the drivers and visibility issues, such as the need for good lighting, mirrors and high visibility clothing. Section 2 Question 2 The question was generally answered well, with the majority of candidates outlining a hierarchy of measures beginning with attempts to prevent entry by the use of fencing and signs, and monitoring by the use of security patrols or closed-circuit television. We will write a custom essay sample on Nebosh Igc Questions and Answers 1998-2005 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was followed by reference to the need, should entry be gained, to make the site itself safe by isolating services, reducing heights of materials, covering or fencing excavations, as well as removing ladders and denying access to scaffolding. Better candidates also considered further precautions such as securing tools, chemicals, equipment and vehicles. Question 3 For part (a), candidates were expected to identify symptoms such as reddening, blistering and cracking of the skin. The majority achieved this although few considered the further possibility of infection or ulceration. In part (b), marks were available initially for recognising that the nature of the agent, concentration levels and the duration and frequency of exposure were some of the factors that might influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring when dermatitic substances are handled. Additional factors that could increase the risk include cuts and abrasions, which would allow chemicals to be absorbed more readily, existing skin conditions, the type of skin and its sensitivity, the specific site of skin contact, poor personal hygiene, and the misuse or non-use of protective measures. Some candidates, instead of addressing the risk factors, detailed the precautions that should be taken to prevent dermatitis. While many of these were undoubtedly correct, and the lack of such precautions would affect risk, they were not directly relevant to the question that had been asked. Question 4

Nuremberg Trials Essays - International Criminal Law, War Crimes

Nuremberg Trials After World War II, numerous war-crimes trials tried and convicted many Axis leaders. Judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States tried twenty-two Nazi leaders for: crimes against humanity (mostly about the Holocaust), violating long-established rules of war, and waging aggressive war. This was known as the ?Nuremberg Trials.? Late in 1946, the German defendants were indicted and arraigned before a war crimes tribunal at Nuremberg. Twenty of the defendants were physicians who, as governmental, military, or SS officials, stood at or near the top of the medical hierarchy of the Third Reich. The other three occupied administrative positions which brought them into close connection with medical affairs. It all started when people started hearing about the Nazi's in human acts, just about four months after World War II started. No one would believe that such a thing would happen. While the people were thinking like that the Jews were being shipped out of the country. Some of them were put in working camps or at a person's farm. This was the beginning of the Final Solution of the German's Problem (the Holocaust). On August 8 the Four Power nation signed the London Agreement. They later named it the International Military Tribunal (IMT), it had 8 judges, one judge and one alternate. This was made so that they would try to stop the Nazi crimes (Rice Jr. 81). They had supplementary Nuremberg hearings that were broken down into twelve trials. In connection with these trials, the U.S. military tribunals had thirty-five defendants and released nineteen of them because they could find anything to get them on (Rice Jr. 76). They made Nuremberg Laws because of Hitler's concentration camps and his other inhuman acts (Rice Jr. 31). He didn't go by the lead system, he made himself the Supreme Judge. Hitler could imprison or execute anyone he wanted to. He made laws keeping Jews out of certain public places or jobs. He wouldn't let Jews have German citizenship. The Nuremberg Laws stated that there would be no more inhuman acts or segregation of Jews. One of the positive sides of the Nuremberg incident was the trials documented Nazi crimes for posterity. Many citizens of the world remember hearing about the Nazi's brutalities and inhuman acts (Rice Jr., 5). Hundreds of official Nazi documents entered into evidence at Nuremberg tell the horrible tale of the Third Reich in the Nazi's own words. Six million Jews, and others not liked by the Nazis were killed. Not one convicted Nazi denied that the mass killing had occurred. Each disclaimed only personal knowledge and responsibility. The negative things that happened at Nuremberg were the establishment of the I.M.T. has yet to le ad to a permanent counterpart before which crimes against humanity can be tried. Twenty-four wars between nations and ninety-three civil wars or insurgencies between 1945 and 1992, no international body had been convened to try aggressor nations or individuals accused of war crimes. To prosecute and punish aggression rest still on the wavering will of an international community ever reluctant to impose sanctions on offending governments (Rice Jr. 100). Despite the reluctance of nations to unite in common cause and move swiftly toward a lasting road to aggression, hope yes abides for the best of Nuremberg's brightest promise. The world had a problem of what to do about the Nazi regime that had presided over the extermination of some six million Jews and deaths of millions of others with no basis in military necessity. Never before in history had the victors tried the vanquished for crimes committed during a war (Rice Jr., 97). Yet never in history had the vanquished perpetrated crime s of such inhumanity. The I.M.T., like the courts in many countries, have held to the principle that persons committing a criminal violation of international law are responsible for violation, on the grounds that crimes of this nature are the result of their own acts (Rice 1492). The tribunal thought for crimes carried out on orders from above, since many of the crimes had been committed in one with the Reich policy (Rice 1493). The portion of the I.M.T. judgment dealing with war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by

His profession made him think that the dead dont care Essays

His profession made him think that the dead dont care Essays His profession made him think that the dead dont care Essay His profession made him think that the dead dont care Essay Maryam A. Al-kaabi UNI200 Robin fetherson In his essay, â€Å"The Undertaking†, Thomas Lynch describes his profession as a funeral director in a small town. The number of years that Lynch has worked in the funeral business has given him enough knowledge on the issue of death. Many people think that funeral directors spend much time with the dead for them to care for the living. Lynch clarifies this, and he notes that much of the funeral directors work concerns the living. His favorite moments are when the person who was widowed tells him how much he or she appreciates the services offered – â€Å"Thank you, I couldn’t have done this without you (PBS 2)†. The dead are not there to thank or appreciate the person who is preparing them for funerals. They do not understand the important services that funeral directors offer. They do not understand the helplessness that their loved ones feel when they die. Therefore, Lynch concludes that the dead do not matter. The dead do not care, and because of this, they cannot help pay the bills, arrange and determine their own funerals, or even console and comfort those who they have left. He has observed several things while at work, and this has made him declare that the dead do not care. Lynch talks of how people die at any time. He says, â€Å"They die around the clock here, without apparent preference for a day of the week, month of the year; there is no clear favorite in the way of season† (Lynch 336). They do not have any choice in the moment they die. A person would probably prefer to die at a certain month, date, day, or even season. However, once a person dies, he or she has no recollection of such preferences. People can die at any time or any place. Death does not respect anyone, and it has a way of distorting a person’s plans. Someone might die earlier or later than he or she had anticipated. For instance, someone might have planned to die on a certain day, and when that day arrives, he or she looks for ways of dying, such as suicide. The suicide attempt fails, and the person is taken to the hospital, where he might remain for a long time. That person then dies at another date, which he had not planned. A person who has cancer or another illne ss considered terminal might give himself few months to live, but that person can get healed and he or she ends up dying of old age. Death does not respect a person’s preference or tastes. According to Lynch, â€Å"Being a dead saint is no more worthwhile than being a dead philodendron or a dead angelfish† (Lynch 337). In other words, once a person dies, it does not matter the contributions that that person made to the world. The dead person will not remember the funds he helped raise, the charities he supported, or the homeless people he helped when he was alive, for that is the duty of the living. The dead person will not remember the people he hurt and abandoned, the person he stole from, or even the person he killed. That is left to the memory of those who live, for the dead do not care. Some people live their lives in the service of others, while others live to fulfill their own ambitions, without any thought for other people. When these two people die, they do not care, since they are not in a position to do so. The living will remembers those who died based on how they lived. The saint will receive praise from the many people who will attend his wake. The person lived a happy and commendable life, and he helped many people in different circumstances. On the other hand, a thief might not receive as much praise. Few if any people will attend his funeral. The two contrasting situations demonstrate how those who are alive treat the dead. The situations demonstrate the level of care that those who are left behind show the dead. Despite this, those who are dead do not care. The thief does not care that no person came to eulogize him and offer him complements. The saint does not care that many people praised him and recognized his achievements. Lynch observes that, â€Å"There is nothing, once you are dead, that can be done to you or for you or with you or about you that will do you any good or any harm† (Lynch 337). However much a person was active when he was alive, he or she is of no use once dead. People cannot include dead people in their plans, since they do not have anyway of contributing. Many people attempt to praise those who are dead during funerals, and they do not do the same when the people are alive. What many people fail to understand is that the dead do not care of all the words spoken about the. The words have no way of reaching them once the people are dead. Lynch has worked with corpses for long. He has helped in preparing dead people for burial. In some circumstances, this has involved treating the bodies in different ways to make them more presentable. He has observed that however much he makes up the body, it does not do any good to the person who is dead, but it is often done for the sake of t hose who are living. They are the ones to see the body and live with the effects. The dead person does not care that his face appears distorted. He does not care whether he appears natural or made up. The dead person does not care, that he does not seem presentable. These things do not matter to him, for he is already dead. The dead do not care about revenge, since no one can harm them more at their state. They are already dead, and they cannot feel the pain. If the person died a bitter person and one who was angry at the world, these feelings do not matter. If the person died having many enemies, this does not matter to the dead person. He or she is not concerned with the friends or families that he left behind, they are the ones who are concerned about him. Lynch notes that although the dead do not care, they do matter. The people who are left have to bear with the consequences of death. As Lynch states, â€Å"I go for her- because she still can cry and care and pray and pay my bill† (Lynch 339). The dead do not care that the people they left behind cry for them. They do not care when such people are depressed or when they experience loneliness because they have been left by loved ones. The dead do not care when those who are left behind have financial difficulties or when they face other struggles in life, for that it the concern of the living. Lynch notes that, â€Å"When a death occurs, people feel so helpless, it’s good to have some of these things already invented† (PBS 3). However much dead people loved their spouses and partners, they cannot offer them enough words to comfort them. Those who are left behind mourn for the dead. In addition, they have to take care of the funeral expenses, such as paying the med ical directors. The dead might have cared previously, but this soon changes once they are dead. They cannot do anything much for their loved ones. Thomas Lynch describes his profession as a funeral director in a small town. This being a family business, he has done it for a long time, and he has come to have a clear understanding of his profession. He says that, â€Å"When you grow up in funeral service, you always have a job. But at some point it becomes more than a job† (PBS 2). Many people only think of funeral directors when they have to use their services. Therefore, they do not understand that it is a business and that someone has to do it. Lynch describes how, as a funeral director, he has to bury and cremate many people, who have died from his town. This has given him some experience in dealing with the death, the corpses, and families affected by death. People are affected significantly when someone they know and loves dies. Families who have lost loved ones want to ensure that the person receives a dignified send off, and they will often incur many expenses to achieve this. Despite all the efforts, the dead nev er know anything, and they are not in a position to approve or disprove anything. Through these experiences, he has come to learn that the dead do not care. People tend to spend a lot of money on funerals. They do everything to ensure that the dead is buried as he or she could have wanted. They go to the extent of borrowing money to cater for all the expenses. Some people are so concerned about their death when they are alive, that they start preparing early. They treat their death as one would treat a wedding. They locate the site to be buried, the music to be played during their funeral, and even the clothes they want to be buried in when they die. They take such measures to ensure that nothing goes wrong. They even arrange for transportation. People associate such actions with weddings and not funerals. People have become more accepting towards death. They no longer fear to talk about death and dying. Previously, these were taboo topics in families, and the one who spoke about them was frowned upon, since it was thought that he or she willed death on another person. Being comfortable with death has its own advantages, since in most ca ses; it prepares those who are left for the inevitable.

A Study Of How Puberty And Peer Pressure Affects Adolescents

A Study Of How Puberty And Peer Pressure Affects Adolescents The tweens of today are having things on their mind, at a young age it was cupcakes, glitter, hot wheels and dinosaurs. Now at the tween years have more things on their mind than just rainbows and trains. This has to deal with peer pressure, puberty, also with trying to be popular. Which will be the cause of ten year olds wanting to become a teenager already? There are issues that an everyday child deals with on a daily basis. What is Peer pressure? Peer Pressure is the influence of people do try to. When you were a little kid, your parents usually chose your friends, putting you in play groups or arranging play dates with certain children they knew or liked. Now that youre older, you decide who your friends are and what groups you spend time with whether your parents like them or not. Parents may think their child is to be sweet, innocent, and always doing the right thing. When peer pressure comes along that goes downhill, it is a perception that changes when the parent is away from the child. Puberty is the physical change from a child to mature into a mature adult. With female tweens, they can develop breast, hair growth or many other physical changes. With males it is mainly voice changes or height changes. Puberty varies with the tween and can be a good thing or a bad thing for a tween to deal with. According to Steven Dowshewn of www.kidshealth.org, He states â€Å"Sometimes it can be hard to deal with all these new emotions. Its important to know that while your body is adjusting to the new hormones, so is your mind.† This will affect teens for years and years to come. Popularity shows tweens are can be either be two ways: Your either sweet person with a good personality or the meanest person some people ever came in contact with. People use their popularity for good things for instance running for class president, or wanting a to win votes. Using your popularity of evil, can be like â€Å"I run this entire school I am going to get it if I have to drop you off the face of the planet.† Lots of popularity shows what type of person you are or if you want to be popular. In other words, Tweens have many things to worry about in elementary, middle and high school. From peer pressure tweens into drugs, sex, drinking alcohol or may other situations. Puberty in males and females for tweens at a young age, females in particular. Popularity at school which can be used for good and evil, or for votes to win an election. Tween days will come and go, it shows that you cannot always stay that way forever.

The rock'n'roll era and beyond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The rock'n'roll era and beyond - Essay Example The identity does not only include personal identity, but also regional, national, gender, ethnic and cultural identity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to briefly present an overview of how music can reflect a generation identity. It will also analyze two artists from different decades and how the two musicians connect to listeners at specific stage of life and finally. Finally, the paper will discuss what music reveals about the changes and continuities in the perception of that age identity. In discussing the identity in music, we need to ask ourselves whether it is true that everyone has a musical identity. Few people say that they lack interests in music or liking of the music whatsoever. Most have strong liking of music and dislikes depending on the type of music. Taste for music have always been shown to related to age, music training level and some aspects of cognitive style and personality. Most people listen to music of different levels of engagements to regulate th eir moods in different contexts while they are also involved in other activities. It may seem reasonable that in analyzing the musical identities to look at all the concepts of the people. The broad patterns of musical preferences among people and also the transitory likes and dislikes form the integral part of our music identities (Jennings 1991). It is widely believed that the taste and preferences in listening form the most important part of most people. However, this may not be so among other people in the society. Furthermore, domain music importance varies very much in self-identities. This level of variation may depend on the level of involvement such as the musicians themselves or the solo performers. One of the factors that play a role in teenager’s generation identity is music. They identify with artists and different musical styles to reflect their individual identity as a generation. Over many generations, you will find many parents lamenting on the type of music their young ones listen. Over a period of a hundred years ago, it was jazz, followed by big band, rock n’ roll, then funk, electronic music, rap and finally hip hop. The parents mostly complain about the noise that the young stars listen to hence refusing to listen or understand â€Å"that music.† It is true that music can connect us with each other if we open to listen, understand and receive it. Therefore, in finding identity, people of different age groups do tend to prefer particular type of music. In the 1950s in its last half, as rock ‘n’ roll of the Americans began to assume its hegemony over the airwaves and the habits of the young people of buying records across the whole of the industrialized world, this popular new brand of music began to be primarily perceived as a phenomenon for the youth. This perception was reinforced in the 1960s by the development of the youth movement, which expressed itself self-consciously through distinctive forms of p op and rock music. Many believed that this conjunction resulted to the success of the rock music. It was primarily due to the young stars articulation of their sense of identity mostly based on the idea of age and generation. In the word of Frith (1978), the sociology of rock cannot be separated to the sociology of the youth. In the 1970s, the youth to music relationship differed significantly along a number of dimensions especially in social class, ethnicity and gender (Murdock et al

Leading and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leading and Leadership - Essay Example The term â€Å"vision† suggests a mental picture of what the future organization will look like† (Leading and leadership). What is more difficult is to make people trust your forecasts. This task is not easy, thus the main purpose of the article titled â€Å"Goals† is to explain to the leaders how to make people trust them. A leader must be energetic and beam positive emotions. The team should consider a leader to be a winner; no one would like to follow a looser. It is essential to make people aware of where the company is going and what the main purposes are. The success can be reached only through teamwork, it is impossible to reach the goals alone. The leader should remember several rules: (a) it is essential to set realistic goals; (b) the goals should be directed on the improvements (c) people should take an active part in the process of setting purposes; (d) each goal should be achieved through a thorough plan. When the vision is developed, a leader should share it with a team and it is the task of a team to build a strategy that will help reach the goals (Hackman & Wageman, 2005). In order to build a right vision, that it the most difficult task, it is recommended to use the principle of the economist Vilfredo Pareto, who encourages leaders to think not about the great number of effects, but to pay more attention to the small number of causes. â€Å"Some leaders fall into the time wasting trap of going after the 80 percent of items that only have a value of 20 percent of the total net worth. Your visions need to picture the 20 percent that will have the greatest impact on your organization† (Leading and leadership). After the goals are already set, the next step is to make people achieve them. In order to make people do something, it is essential to inspire them. They should know what results they should have and what improvements their actions will bring. The leader should be passionate, involve employees in decision-making

Assessment for learning Essay Example for Free

Assessment for learning Essay What is assessment for learning and how does it relate to a teaching assistant? In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the roles of the teacher and the learning support practitioner in assessment of learner’s achievement. I will also explain the difference between formative and summative assessment. I will say what the characteristics of assessment for learning are and explain the importance and benefits of assessment for learning and I will explain how assessment for learning can contribute to planning for future learning when carried out by the teacher and the learners and the teaching assistant. The differences between a teacher and the learning support practitioner are, the teacher is the lead role model in the classroom. The learner’s will take their lead from the teacher. He or she will set the lessons and the goals for learning. He or she is deemed as the role model. The lessons are planned by the teacher and planned in such a way that will help the learner’s progress and meet their targets. Once the target shave been met the lessons will move onwards. The teacher will set class assessments to find out where the learners are in terms of meeting their targets, and will continually assess the learner’s abilities be it through classwork, homework or end of term assessments. The learning support practitioner will support the teacher in the classroom. They should take their lead from the teacher. If the teacher wants the learning support practitioner to assess the children they may be asked to take small groups or individual children, and follow an assessment plan set for them. Read more:Â  Characteristics of Assessment for Learning Essay The learning support practitioner should also assist in the classroom and then feedback to the teacher on what he or she feels the learners did well or what they need help with. This will then help the teacher to plan the next lesson and set next steps for the learners. The difference between formative and summative assessments are:- Formative assessment is assessing as the learners learn, for example using open ended questioning to encourage the learners to give their ideas. Observing learners this gives a lot of knowledge as to how the learners work and it is usually done daily. Listening to learners this shows that the learners understand the work, and we can hear their ideas and methods, we can check their understanding by questioning them this shows what the children know and finally self-evaluation let the learners think about what they have learnt and encourage them to evaluate their own progress against their targets and learning outcomes. Summative assessment is the formal assessments used by teachers to show where the learners are exactly and what has been learnt, for example end of term SAT’s or assessments. The results of these may be put onto the learners report and shared so that their new teachers, head teacher and parents will see how the learners have progressed. The characteristics of assessment for learning are, it informs and promotes all learners achievements. The students are encouraged to take responsibility for their learning. This starts with giving the learners learning outcomes, making sure the learners receive feedback this in turn helps them to develop the skills needed to evaluate and self-assess their work. They will be able to recognise their own progress and achievements. This will start with students doing peer assessments, this is where learners will assess in order to gain the skills to assess themselves. The importance and benefits of assessments for learning are that there is a proven link that a learner who is more involved in their own assessment is more motivated to reach their targets. The learners want to reach the goals set and put in the more effort to do so. This is turn boosts self-esteem and motivation in learners. It also gives feedback to the right people, the teacher, the teaching assistant or the learning mentors, on how to best support the learners whether they be more or less able. Assessment for learning enables the learners to understand what they are doing, what they need to do, and how to go about doing it. How assessment for learning can contribute to planning for future learning carried out by:- The teacher, it will help the teacher to be able to plan for the individual learner. It will help the teacher to pass on responsibility to the learner for their own learning and make sure that the learner is involved with their own learning goals. The learner will be more informed about their own targets and goals. It will help them to reach their full potential by getting them extra support where it might be needed. Learners will be able to self-assess their work which is a life skill, as adults we constantly assess ourselves on the things we do, as the learners gain more awareness it will boost confidence and help them ask for help. The teaching assistant will be better informed this will help to assist the teacher and learners alike. It will help to develop questioning skills and find out where a learner needs support. It may help to plan for less able students so that certain topics can be done again with added support, which can then be fed back to the teacher. In conclusion assessment for learning is the ongoing assessing of learners, using a variety of methods. It helps the teaching assistant in many ways like how best to support learners. It gives teaching assistants the knowledge and capability to do their jobs to a high standard and support the class teacher with more or less abled learners. Burnham and Baker. (2010). Support teaching and learning in schools (primary). (pp104-106). Malaysia. Heinmann The department for children, schools and families. (2008). The assessment for learning strategy. Department for education and skills. (2004/05). Working together: teaching assistants and assessment for learning. Black and William. (1998). Inside the black box. Kings College. London.

Lord Of The Flies - Whats The Point? :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies - What’s the Point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lord of the Flies, a literary classic, examines specific social and human nature issues. The boys experience power and leadership struggles, a battle with sadism, and the never-ending fight for the role of intellectuals in society. The author William Golding, presents human nature as a contrast to the reality of the boys on the island.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack and Ralph were two boys who both wanted to be the leader. From the very beginning of the book the two boys had disagreements. Jack thought that he should be leader. Ralph was the central character and he had a lot of pressure put on him to come up with ideas for survival. That’s where Piggy comes in; he was the never noticed sidekick of Ralph. Piggy always came up with the acceptable ideas to help Ralph be the preferred leader. Ralph was a democrat, he wanted order and things to be accomplished. Such as the rescue fire and huts being built. At first everyone wanted to help and get everything achieved, but soon after the tasks went to a few people. The boys who did not want to work wanted to play. That is when Jack started to do whatever he wanted. At first Jack preferred rules, but after the book progressed he slowly put the things he wanted first; that’s when the battle for leadership starts between Jack and Ralph. Jack wanted to have fun and to hunt. He was the appointed leader of the hunters and he had an addiction to kill. Jack got satisfaction out of slaughtering animals, it made him feel commanding and powerful. Jack represented dictatorship and showed how everything should be his way. He played on the fear of the boys and persuades them to join his tribe. Jack had his own agenda to follow. Now that he had control over so many boys, he could have his own fort with guards. Anytime he wanted Jack and his hunters could go kill without Ralph getting mad at them for not working. Jack won the battle for leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack was the evil or the dark side of the island. The beginning of the story started out with Jack and the rest of the boys painted as innocent. Jack was just a choir boy, but slowly his human nature was tested. He turns in to a bully, he picks on and fights with Piggy. Piggy is made an outcast by Jack teasing him about being a â€Å"fatty†. Jack also isolated Simon from the group by making fun of Simon’s view of the beast, shown in this

Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 21

21. Being the Chronicles of Abby Normal: The Mopey Monosexuality of an Outcast Cutie Corpse Much like the guy in Herman Hesse's novel Steppenwolf (which everyone knows means, â€Å"wolf going up the steps†) who runs into the ENTRANCE NOT FOR EVERYBODY sign outside of the Magic Theater, when it comes to romance, I am definitely not on the list. Loneliness is my â€Å"plus one.† Bitterness is my boo. Oh, it was sweet waking up at sundown, nearly in the arms of my Dark Lord, snuggled up in our utility shed on the roof. I probably shouldn't have snatched that pigeon out from under the eave and sort of sucked its little throat, but in my defense, breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and I swore off anything with feathers because they are nasty. Still, I think Lord Flood would have forgiven me spitting bloody feathers on his linen trousers if my tail hadn't harshed our search plan. There, now everyone knows. I have a tail. Which is kinda the reason we had to return to the love lair instead of continuing our search for the Countess. Foo called just before sunup to say that all the rats had died. So I'm like, â€Å"Non sequitur much, Foo? If you miss me, you can just apologize and grovel a little and we'll move on.† And he's like, â€Å"No, Abby, you don't understand. There's something in their DNA, they just sort of expire after a week or so of being a vampyre.† And I'm like, â€Å"My poor, sad Foo Dog, are you sure that your mantenna isn't just using dead rats to send an S.O.S. for a return to tuna town? Hmmmm?† And he's all, â€Å"No, Abby, you have rat DNA tied in with your vampirism, the same way Chet has human DNA.† And I'm all, â€Å"Nuh-uh.† And he's all, â€Å"You have to come back here. Abby, I know you have a tail.† And I'm like, â€Å"Fucksocks,† and I offed my phone. So when Flood and I come to in the shed on the roof, I'm like, â€Å"We may need to check in with Foo.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Call him and tell him that there are old vampyres here to clean up. He needs to be ready. We'll be there in a few minutes.† And I'm like, â€Å"I'll text him. I'm not speaking to him right now.† So, like, Tommy showed me how you couldn't run too fast, or someone would notice something was up, so you had to sort of go in bursts and I wasn't supposed to jump over cars and whatnot because that shit is a dead giveaway that you are nosferatu. Although I did â€Å"rawr† some tourists on the cable car, because they needed it. And if you ask them they will all be, â€Å"She was trs scary, and back in Cowfuck, Nebraska, we know that ‘rawr' is totally a thing because we have family values and whatnot.† So after running in bursts for like three blocks I rawred down a cab that was halted by my awesome dark powers and the hundred-dollar bill I was waving, and we rode to the love lair, where Jared let us in. And Jared was all, â€Å"OMG, OMG, OMFG, Abs, the rats are dead!† And I'm like, â€Å"Not news. Awesome vamp robot pirate ship, equals news.† And Jared is like, â€Å"For realz?† And I'm like, â€Å"Totes.† And he kind of does a gayboy squee that was a little embarrassing, so I'm all, â€Å"Where's Foo?† And Foo comes out of the bedroom and I go to kiss him and he sort of stops and holds up his little blood vials, like, â€Å"Oh, no kisses, Abby, I have breakables.† So I backed off. And he's like, â€Å"Abby we need to change you back. Right away.† And I'm like, â€Å"No way, Foo. I am finished with your petty human weakness.† And he like waves to all the rat boxes, and all the rats are just lying in the bottom of them. And I'm all, â€Å"So?† And Foo's like, â€Å"They just dropped, within hours of each other. There's some incompatibility with the vampyre virus.† â€Å"It's a virus?† goes Tommy. And Foo's all, â€Å"I don't know exactly what it is, but it binds to the host DNA and it carries the DNA to the infected.† And I'm like, â€Å"So?† And that's when Foo blurts out that I have a tail to Flood, and I just want to crawl in a hole and die, except for it being redundant. Then Jared's like, â€Å"Would you guys like something to drink? Some blood or something?† And I'm like, â€Å"No thanks, I had a pigeon.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Yes, I'll have some.† And he's about to take a sip from a wineglass that Jared poured, and I see his fangs, which are trs sexy now that he's not ripping my throat out with them, and he's like, â€Å"Oh, Abby, if this turns out to be drugged, tear Steve's arms off.† And I'm like, â€Å"‘Kay,† then to Foo, I'm like, â€Å"Rawr. Shut up.† And Foo's like, â€Å"It's not drugged.† So we tell Foo and Jared about the ship and the old vampyres and how they are here to clean house, and about what the Kona guy said about second generation vampyres. And Foo's like, â€Å"That's you, Tommy.† And Flood is like, â€Å"I know. I have to find Jody. And you and Jared need to get away from this apartment. Go somewhere, stay until you hear it's all clear or the Raven leaves.† And Foo is like, â€Å"How did you think to go to the dock anyway?† So we told him about Madame Natasha and the sunken ship in the north end of the City and whatnot, and he's all rolling his eyes, because he doesn't believe in magic, despite the fact that he's rolling his eyes at two vampyres. And he's like, â€Å"Did you try the Sunken Ship?† And we're like, â€Å"Whaaaa?† And he's like, â€Å"It's a bar down on Jackson Street. It was built on top of one of the Gold Rush ships that was abandoned there. You can still see the ribs of the ship in the basement.† And Flood's like, â€Å"The Sunken Ship? That's what it's called?† And I'm like, â€Å"Kind of obvious.† And Flood's like, â€Å"We need to go there.† And Foo's all, â€Å"No, I have to change you both back. You could drop any minute.† So I go, â€Å"As if. We have to find the Countess.† And Tommy's all, â€Å"After. All that after.† So Foo goes, â€Å"Well, then take these.† And he gives Flood and me each a thing that looks like an aluminum flashlight with a blue glass erection. And I'm all, â€Å"Uh, we can see in the dark, and heat, and we have someone on retainer who can see into the future, so, thanks, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"They're UV lasers,† goes Foo, in the middle of my dismissal. â€Å"They use them to fuse UV sensitive polymers in vacuum chambers.† And Tommy looks at me like, â€Å"What?† And I look at him like, â€Å"No fucking idea.† So Foo runs on like, â€Å"They would just burn me or Jared if you held it on us, like a high-intensity sunlamp. But you'd have to hold it there for about five seconds.† So Flood looks at me like, â€Å"What?† And I look at him like, â€Å"I got nothing.† So Foo takes Tommy's flashlight from him and he goes, â€Å"Like this.† And he points the flashlight at one of the dead rat boxes and it busts out with this intense blue beam and whoosh instant rat charcoal. So Flood and I are like, â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"You can't just leave them on like the UV jackets. They work with a capacitor that builds a charge and lets go with a two-second burst, but you can probably cut a vamp in half in that time. I made them for Rivera and Cavuto.† And Tommy goes, â€Å"Well don't give one to them, for fuck's sake, they're hunting me and Jody.† â€Å"And me,† I go. â€Å"And me,† goes Jared. And we look at him. And he goes, â€Å"Not because I'm a vampyre. Because that big cop hates me.† Then he looked embarrassed and he goes, â€Å"Hey, you guys, your eyes are bleeding.† And I look at Tommy and I'm all, â€Å"WTF?† And Foo's like, â€Å"You guys should probably wear sun-glasses with UV filtering if you're going to use those, or, you know, they could hurt your eyes.† So Flood's like, â€Å"Good to know.† And Foo's like, â€Å"You should know that they can't go to mist if they're hurt or under exposure to any significant UV. I tested it with the rats. Which means you can't either.† And we're all, â€Å"Uh-huh.† And he's like, â€Å"What will you do?† And Flood is like, â€Å"We're going to the Sunken Ship and see if we can find Jody, and then I guess we're going to see if we can get on a pirate ship. What about you?† â€Å"I have to break the lab down first, but I know some guys in my program at Berkeley that have an extra room. I can stay there.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Take Jared with you. Elijah saw him. Anyone Elijah knows or who knew about him is in danger.† And Jared is all, â€Å"Nooooo, Berkeley is way too butch.† So I ‘splain to Tommy, â€Å"Jared is afraid of butch lesbians. They were invented in Berkeley.† And Foo is like looking at Jared, and looking at me, and looking at Flood, and looking at his dead rats, and he's all, â€Å"Can't you at least leave Abby here and let me change her back?† And Flood looks at me and I'm all, â€Å"Bitch, please, I have a light sabre.† And I grabbed Foo and kissed him hard, but I could feel him pulling away. And he's like, â€Å"Abby, after this is over-â€Å" And I'm like, finger on his lips, â€Å"Shh, shh, shh, Foo. Do not awkwardize the moment with sniveling. I've been preparing my whole life for this.† And I have. So we jammed. And outside Flood is like, â€Å"You okay?† And I'm all, â€Å"Yeah. Do you think I'm a freak because I have a tail?† And he's all, â€Å"No, not because of that.† Which was awesome for him to say. So we did the low-profile walk to Walgreens, where we bought three pairs of sunglasses and a disposable cell phone for Tommy and I got some Gummi bears, which I am dipping in blood and eating now-biting off their little bear heads. Then we go over to the financial district and we find the bar called the Sunken Ship on Jackson Street in the old section, and there's a big picture of a sailing ship, and THE SUNKEN SHIP is carved in big letters, and we're not two blocks from the roof where we spent the night, and I'm all, â€Å"Oops.† And Flood is like, â€Å"Now what?† And I'm like, â€Å"Don't you have fake ID?† I was kind of fucking with him for pretending to be five hundred years old when we first met, when he's only nineteen. And he's like, â€Å"No, do you?† â€Å"Yeah. Like six of them. I'll go in and look around.† And he's like, â€Å"Okay.† So I start to go inside, where all these suits and citizens are, and I hear, â€Å"Hey,† a girl's voice. Quiet, but like she knows we can hear. And it's the Countess, palming a door shut on this below-street apartment. And she's in like black jeans carrying a pair of Nikes, but her hair is all glorious, and in like an instant she's up over the rail, not even touching the stairs, and in Tommy's arms. And it was beautiful, and sad, and I felt my heart break, but then it was like leaping for joy, because I really do love the Countess, and I love Tommy, but they love each other, and well-fucksocks. So I'm like, â€Å"Cold-faced killers on the clock, bitches, we don't have time for your bonery right now.† And the Countess like lets Tommy go and gives me a big hug and she's like, â€Å"So, girl-e-girl, the dead thing, it works for you.† And I'm like, â€Å"Duh.† And she looks at Flood and she's, â€Å"I'm not sure about the tropical thing though.† And he's like, â€Å"Abby sprayed pigeon blood on my pants.† And she's like, â€Å"No, that part's good.† And he's like, â€Å"She has a tail.† And I'm like, â€Å"Traitor!† Then she looks all sad, and she's like, â€Å"Tommy, we need to talk.† And he's like, â€Å"No, we need to move.† So, while we walk toward the water we explain about the old vamps and the clean up, and the Raven and whatnot. ‘Kayso, now we're on the roof of the Bay Club, which is a really nice gym across the street from the dock, and we are staking out the Raven, and from up here we can see into the cockpit, which is like the size of a whole apartment. And they're there. The three of them and Kona, the blond Rasta guy. Two women and a guy. And they're looking all fly in their black bodysuits and black trench coats and all. But the tall blond guy has something on the table, a long case, and he takes something out and starts putting it together. I'm all, â€Å"What's he got?† â€Å"It's a rifle,† goes the Countess. WTF? WTF? WTF? I go, â€Å"A gun?† And Tommy goes, â€Å"What's with the gun?† And I'm like, â€Å"Yeah, guns are for shit on vampyres. Uh, us.† I still totally don't want to get shot. And Jody's like, â€Å"They're not going after vampyres.† And Tommy's like, â€Å"Abby, would you stop typing. Please?† And I'm like, â€Å"Rawr!† And Jody's like, â€Å"He's leaving the ship.† And I'm all, â€Å"WTF?† And Jody's all, â€Å"We have to follow.† ‘Kayso, gotta jet. L8erz.

Morality in Politics Essay

Civic virtue is the formation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community. This term was important to Aristotle’s theories on politics. He felt that all humans should take pleasure in civic virtue and that it was essential for living â€Å"the good life†. Today, our democratic government is well-suited to promote civic virtue and participation of all people in the country. Although times have changed since Aristotle’s days, this ideology can be seen actively in our society. One of the main ideas in Aristotle’s philosophy was teleos, or the purpose or goal of something. To fully understand something, we must also understand its teleos. For example, I have an apple. I know that it is red, kind of round, and grows on a tree, but the real purpose or teleos of that apple to me is food. As far as humans go, Aristotle says that humans are meant to be happy. To be happy, humans must live a life of virtue, which means they always choose what is morally good. Humans have the abilities to think and speak, and therefore decide what is good and bad, right and wrong, etc. People that may think they are living a good life but are not making moral decisions are not truly happy in Aristotle’s eyes. Politics provides a place for people to interact with each other, talk about what is right and wrong, just or unjust, and to make laws reflecting these things. It allows people to participate in their lives, make ethical decisions, and fulfill their happiness potential. Politics is dynamic, unlike math or science that are concrete and unchanging. People can work with each other in politics and work for the greater good. The development of civic virtue allows for a person to relate to their community. It helps them understand their ties to the community and responsibility within it. It helps them see beyond their own personal interests. Some examples of civic virtue would be voting, volunteering, or going to a town meeting. Today, anyone can participate in these things, but Aristotle believed differently. He held that women and slaves were not eligible to participate in politics, and very young men were not ready to participate because they did not understand how the society worked yet. Because of this, a small number of people in his time actually participated in politics compared to today. The American democratic government is well suited for civic virtue. The first reason is that everyone can participate, which means that everyone has the opportunity to become happy people living their life to the fullest. Anyone, provided they are 18 and a citizen, can vote. They can vote for the candidate they feel will represent their moral views and put them into action. People can run for office and put their views to work. Another reason is freedom of speech. Americans have the opportunity to speak freely about issues and share their opinions with others. This helps them create those habits of morality that become a part of their civic virtue. A third reason is the freedom to assemble. Any person can start a club or a group to meet with others. Active participation in public life is essential to civic virtue. A group may be a philanthropy group aimed at helping others. Reciprocity or giving back to the community is another key element of civic virtue. Virtue is closely related to free will. Through active participation, people develop their moral compass and they develop their ideas of what is right and wrong, and their habits of how to react in situations accordingly. People develop their own morality. How can one legislate free will? You cannot. But the legal system can shape morality. By setting laws in certain ways, people will develop their moral views around them. Laws can shape habits by reducing the frequency of certain acts. Giving prison time, fines, probation, and so on can help people learn that they do not want to do the things that caused those punishments. Laws can shape morality as well because people naturally draw influence from other sources. Some may create their moral background on the basis of religion or their family, but the law can be one of those influences as well. The legal system is important for developing morality in society and promoting civic virtue. Civic virtue is important in society. By actively participating in the community, Aristotle believes that people will be ultimately happy. The true purpose of humans is to be happy, and civic virtue is the pathway to this happiness. The American government gives many opportunities for people to participate in both politics and the community, which promotes civic virtue.

Volleyball Expectations Essay Example

Volleyball Expectations Essay Example Volleyball Expectations Essay Volleyball Expectations Essay My expectations from the team this year are to be good teammates for one another and everyone on the team. This looks like welcoming, encouraging, and helping each other during workouts, practice, and games. It doesn’t mean that everyone has to be best friends, but just that the players treat each other as our motto: â€Å"It’s a team thing†. My expectations from the coaching staff this year are to watch and correct individual mistakes and not to let bad habits go unnoticed. I like how the coaches will focus on what we are doing and talk to us about how to fix anything.The personal attention for everyone helps us all to become better players. Skill wise, I bring to the table for this team that I am able to get a good pass to the setter, can play serve receive, and I have a jump serve. I focus on back row because it all starts with a pass. In terms of attitude and leadership, I bring to the table for this team a positive attitude. If a teammate gets discouraged ab out what they’re doing, I want to encourage them to play the next ball and not worry about their mistakes.For leadership, when we are out on the court and come together in the middle to talk, I tell the girls that what we need to focus on or add motivation to finish a game. At this time, I perceive my strengths are that I am a fast learner and work at correcting my mistakes after instruction. I feel that my weaknesses are that I haven’t learned all of the plays. For example, I’m most comfortable with hitting a 4 as an outside, and although I’ve been introduced to other hits I’m not as familiar with them.I see my role on the team this year as an all-around volleyball player. My role is to be a more efficient hitter/blocker, play defense, and go after every ball as hard as I can. I am to keep the ball in play no matter what. My individual short term goal for the next week at practice is to work on my hitting. I need to get more power and load up on m y step-close so I can jump higher. I also need to time my approach better to the ball (depending on its tempo) because at practice I was either too early or too late.My short term goal for our team for the next week at practice is to talk more on the court, because it was pretty much silent last time. We only really talked after coach pointed it out. And even then, we didn’t keep it up. Also, to call for the ball as loud as we can when hitting so the setter can hear us. A lot of confusion can be avoided this way. My individual long term goal for this season is to be able to become a better-rounded volleyball player. I want to improve on my hitting- I am off on my timing and on’t get low on my step-close to jump higher. Also, I want to be more accurate on hitting certain areas on the court. I want to be able to set and pass more on target as well, especially on out of system. My long term goal for our team this season is to be a team that other schools don’t want to play because of both our consistency on defense and offense. I want our team to dig up balls that has the other side wondering how we were able to manage to get the ball up and hitting the ball so hard that the other players are hesitant to go after it.

West Wing Episodes Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

West Wing Episodes Discussion - Essay Example In Episode 96 â€Å"Shutdown†, the Operating Budget of the Federal Government is   reduced to zero and the government is forced into a temporary shutdown after President Bartlett refuses to any further Budget compromises, which puts him in a very unfavorable position.   Without the operating budget, the Chief of Staff sends everyone home who is non-essential personnel, including non-national security and public safety employees.   In Episode 96 â€Å"Shutdown†, the Operating Budget of the Federal Government is   reduced to zero and the government is forced into a temporary shutdown after President Bartlett refuses to any further Budget compromises, which puts him in a very unfavorable position.   Without the operating budget, the Chief of Staff sends everyone home who is non-essential personnel, including non-national security and public safety employees.    Speaker Haftley begins turning the shutdown to his party’s favor by speaking to the press on t he White House lawn.   Press Secretary C.J. Cregg begins to recover some ground by addressing the White House Press core inside.   Meanwhile, Chief of Staff Leo McGarry attempts to talk to the President in his private quarters to convince him to sign a deal at 2 percent by midnight to stop the shutdown. But he doesn’t succeed and the shut down begins. Vice President Russell meets with McGarry and offers to speak with his former collegues in the House that includes Speaker Haftley and the Majority Whip, but McGarety refuses.

Ethical issue in Marketing related to Advertising Essay

Ethical issue in Marketing related to Advertising - Essay Example According to the research findings there are numerous advertising media including the traditional television, radio, newspapers, mail and billboards, and the postmodern computer based internet advertisement channels including email, blogs, websites, programs and search engines among others. The increased number of advertising channels and methods of collecting data for advertising have pushed advertising ethics even further, and an advertiser has to be keen not to cross the line between ethical and unethical. In addition, personalised advertising that exploits various approaches to data mining is so effective that the persuasive and exploitative aspects of advertising have become a matter of serious concern to various stakeholders. This has been linked to the ethical aspects of consumer privacy that has resulted in the enactment of policies that provide guidelines on online data collection and use. However, these policies aim at forcing advertisers to do no harm, and advertisers have to decide if they just want to avoid harming consumers, or they would want to do some public good too. The Advertising Standards Authority controls the content of advertisements in the United Kingdom, and the town and county planning system controls the content of outdoor advertisements. However, enforcement of advertising ethics goes beyond these bodies and extends to numerous independent consumer protection groups, and before advertising, a business entity has to predict the response that the advertisement is likely to elicit from these regulators. However, the regulators’ definitions of ethics are too broad, and the advertiser is largely responsible for the contents of advertisements (Hunt and Vitell, 2006: 150). Advertisement ethics is determined by the effects of the advertisement on the human, cultural, social, economic and political consequences of an advertisement on society. The aim of this term paper is to discuss the concept of marketing ethics as it relates to ad vertising. Background Information Common Advertising Media Advertising is the first communication between a firm and its prospective customers; therefore, the firm must do a decent job of it in order to have an impact and increase the likelihood of adverts translating to increased sales. Therefore, an advertisement must be designed create awareness, knowledge, liking, preference and conviction in a potential customer in order for him or her to make a purchase. Advertisers have always exploited the available media to the greatest extent, such that advertising accounts for a big portion of a firm’s expenditure. Traditional advertisements like radio are still in use today, though their use is reducing due to the emergence of more effective technologies that combine both the audio and visual components of advertisements (Kelley et al., 2011). Compared to other senses, visual reception causes the most impact on a person’